I see you riding round town with those Catholics,
And I'm like,
Forget you!
Oooh
I guess my predestination wasn't enough,
I'm like,
Forget you
And forget them too.
Said if we were lowly, we wouldn't be lonely
Huh, well ain't that the truth
And since there's still a hierarchy,
We can guarantee that we'll
Forget you!
Ooh ooh ooh!
Yeah it's too bad, that you took what we had
But that don't mean we can't get away.
I guess you're all happy, but we all ain't sad
And us Huguenots aren't here to stay.
I pity the fooool that goes and succeeds you,
(You’ve made a mess now)
Well,
(A big mess of France now)
Oooh, I got some news for you.
So go run and tell your nobles.
I see you riding round town with those Catholics,
And I'm like,
Forget you!
Oooh
I guess my predestination wasn't enough,
I'm like,
Forget you
And forget them too.
Said if we were lowly, we wouldn't be lonely
Well ain't that the truth
And since there's still a hierarchy,
We can guarantee that we'll
Forget you!
Ooh ooh ooh!
Now I know that we had to go,
Our faith was an important thing
We wanted to keep it, we couldn't please ya.
You didn't appreciate our worshipping.
I pity the fooool that goes and succeeds you,
(You’ve made a mess now)
Well,
(A big mess of France now)
Oooh, I got some news for you.
Oh, I really hate your government!
I see you riding round town with those Catholics,
And I'm like,
Forget you!
Oooh
I guess my predestination wasn't enough,
I'm like,
Forget you
And forget them to.
Said if we were lowly, we wouldn't be lonely
Well ain't that the truth
And since there's still a hierarchy,
We can guarantee that we'll
Forget you!
Ooh ooh ooh!
Now Louis, Louis, Louis why'd you wanna wanna hurt us so bad?
(so bad, so bad, so bad)
I tried to tell my pastor but he told me
Just move North and be glad
(Be glad, be glad, be glad)
Uhh. Whyy? Uhh. Whhy?
Uh whyyy, Louis? We hate you,
We'll always hate you. Oh!
I see you riding round town with those Catholics,
And I'm like,
Forget you!
Oooh
I guess my predestination wasn't enough,
I'm like,
Forget you
And forget them to.
Said if we were lowly, we wouldn't be lonely
Well ain't that the truth
And since there's still a hierarchy,
We can guarantee that we'll
Forget you!
Ooh ooh ooh!
Friday, December 17, 2010
The Treaty of Utrecht Thesis Statement
The Treaty of Utrecht increased England's power in the New World by giving England the naval bases in Gibraltar, making the rise of slave trade an indirect result of the Treaty of Utrecht.
Sunday, December 12, 2010
Dutch Republic Free Response
Discuss ways that the 17th-century Dutch Republic differed from its neighbors, telling how these differences contributed to the country's success.
The Dutch Republic reached its peak during the early to mid 17th century, a time called the Golden Age of the Netherlands. A dominant amount of power was gathering with the strong and hardworking merchant, or middle, class; this is similar to the Italian city-states during the Renaissance. The Dutch Republic was becoming a world power, and was actually called "an island of plenty in a sea of want." The Dutch Republic's rise to the economic and financial success of the Golden Age can be accredited to its very hardworking merchant class and also because of its independently ruled provinces, which separated the Dutch Republic from its French and English neighbors.
During the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic, the trade and banking system exceeded those of its French and English neighbors as well as the rest of Europe. The Dutch even had their own gold, florin, as the monetary trade unit throughout the world. At the time, Amsterdam was the center of banking out of the entire world. The Dutch were very successful in building canals for the transport of goods by ship. Because of this they took control of the shipping in Northern Europe. They were also able to reclaim land to use to improve their agriculture and also for people to build homes. In the beginning of the 1600s, the Dutch were definitely the most successful and prominent world power out of its French and English neighbors.
The Dutch can accredit their great successes to the hardworking merchant class. The merchant class held much of the power when it came to trade and banking. The Dutch middle class families lived comfortably with townhouses as well as food produced at home. They were also able to enjoy luxury imports from around the world. The homes were beautifully furnished and decorated which suggested a comfortable lifestyle, but they did not live in excess, which separated them from their French neighbors. The Dutch considered the way the French lived to be sinful and called them "loose-living." The Dutch solely focused on hard work and their duties as citizens of the Dutch Republic. The Dutch Republic was also different from the French because they had free press, which the French would at times use in order to publish things that could not be published in their own country. The work-oriented merchant class of the Dutch Republic was the main difference between the cushy lifestyle of the French, which lead the Dutch to outshine the French in terms of trade and banking.
The Dutch Republic consisted of seven provinces which each had its own political leader, a "stadholder." There was no "stadholder" that was in charge of the entire country or the other "stadholders." All of the provincial leaders had to work together in order to make one powerful nation. Power of the country was held in the hands of the wealthy merchants, and courts developed in each province protected the rights of each citizen. This political structure greatly differed from the absolute monarchy of its English neighbors. The English were ruled by a single person that controlled every aspect of their lives. The Dutch had more control over their lives and were able to participate in decision-making by electing the "stadholder" for their own province. This form of government was more successful than the absolute monarchy because the people were able to choose their leader, which could diminish the amount of revolts from the people.
The Dutch Republic of the 17th century was the most successful world power out of all of Europe, including France and England. The hardworking merchant class was the prime reason for the triumph of the Dutch Republic. The Dutch Republic was also very different from the rest of Europe because it was not ruled by an absolute leader. Each province had its own leader that made its own decisions. This made the people happy because they were in on the decision-making and they were able to choose their own leader. The key to a successful country is to keep the people happy, which is what happened in the Dutch Republic with the provincial leaders. The Dutch Republic was able to keep the people happy with the style of government as well as keep an effective trade and banking system with the hard-working merchant class, which lead to its success and made it differ from France and England, its neighboring countries.
The Dutch Republic reached its peak during the early to mid 17th century, a time called the Golden Age of the Netherlands. A dominant amount of power was gathering with the strong and hardworking merchant, or middle, class; this is similar to the Italian city-states during the Renaissance. The Dutch Republic was becoming a world power, and was actually called "an island of plenty in a sea of want." The Dutch Republic's rise to the economic and financial success of the Golden Age can be accredited to its very hardworking merchant class and also because of its independently ruled provinces, which separated the Dutch Republic from its French and English neighbors.
During the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic, the trade and banking system exceeded those of its French and English neighbors as well as the rest of Europe. The Dutch even had their own gold, florin, as the monetary trade unit throughout the world. At the time, Amsterdam was the center of banking out of the entire world. The Dutch were very successful in building canals for the transport of goods by ship. Because of this they took control of the shipping in Northern Europe. They were also able to reclaim land to use to improve their agriculture and also for people to build homes. In the beginning of the 1600s, the Dutch were definitely the most successful and prominent world power out of its French and English neighbors.
The Dutch can accredit their great successes to the hardworking merchant class. The merchant class held much of the power when it came to trade and banking. The Dutch middle class families lived comfortably with townhouses as well as food produced at home. They were also able to enjoy luxury imports from around the world. The homes were beautifully furnished and decorated which suggested a comfortable lifestyle, but they did not live in excess, which separated them from their French neighbors. The Dutch considered the way the French lived to be sinful and called them "loose-living." The Dutch solely focused on hard work and their duties as citizens of the Dutch Republic. The Dutch Republic was also different from the French because they had free press, which the French would at times use in order to publish things that could not be published in their own country. The work-oriented merchant class of the Dutch Republic was the main difference between the cushy lifestyle of the French, which lead the Dutch to outshine the French in terms of trade and banking.
The Dutch Republic consisted of seven provinces which each had its own political leader, a "stadholder." There was no "stadholder" that was in charge of the entire country or the other "stadholders." All of the provincial leaders had to work together in order to make one powerful nation. Power of the country was held in the hands of the wealthy merchants, and courts developed in each province protected the rights of each citizen. This political structure greatly differed from the absolute monarchy of its English neighbors. The English were ruled by a single person that controlled every aspect of their lives. The Dutch had more control over their lives and were able to participate in decision-making by electing the "stadholder" for their own province. This form of government was more successful than the absolute monarchy because the people were able to choose their leader, which could diminish the amount of revolts from the people.
The Dutch Republic of the 17th century was the most successful world power out of all of Europe, including France and England. The hardworking merchant class was the prime reason for the triumph of the Dutch Republic. The Dutch Republic was also very different from the rest of Europe because it was not ruled by an absolute leader. Each province had its own leader that made its own decisions. This made the people happy because they were in on the decision-making and they were able to choose their own leader. The key to a successful country is to keep the people happy, which is what happened in the Dutch Republic with the provincial leaders. The Dutch Republic was able to keep the people happy with the style of government as well as keep an effective trade and banking system with the hard-working merchant class, which lead to its success and made it differ from France and England, its neighboring countries.
Saturday, December 11, 2010
Final Draft of Free Response Practice 1
"Why are the trials and tribulations of Galileo often considered both predicative of the future of Western Civilization as well as a perfect encapsulation of the context of his own time?"
Galileo Galilei was born in the mid 1500s, and he was considered to be the most innovative scientist of this time period. The discoveries of Galileo greatly influenced the future scientists of the Western Civilization. Throughout Galileo’s times of scientific discovery he was subject to many trials and hardships, specifically by the Catholic Church. The hardships he suffered were common for scientists and revolutionists of the time period. Galileo’s progressive discoveries in the subjects of technology, astronomy, and physics were major influences on the modern science of today, but the hardships he encountered, such as constant condemnation by the Catholic Church and lack of advanced supplies or tools, did not allow Galileo to advance to his full potential.
Galileo made many advancements and discoveries in the topics of technology, astronomy, and physics. In terms of technology, Galileo created a model of a thermometer as well as an improved model of the telescope. He also created a more innovative model of a geometric compass. In astronomy, Galileo discovered the four moons of Jupiter and also converted from the belief of geocentrism, the idea that the planets in the solar system revolve around the Earth, to the belief of heliocentrism, the idea that the planets in the solar system including Earth revolve around the sun. This was the most controversial belief that Galileo supported because it went against the belief of the Catholic Church. Galileo also made the conclusion that the Milky Way is in fact made up of a multitude of stars, and that the moon is not a smooth sphere, rather it is made up of mountainous terrain much like the Earth. In Galileo's study of physics, he made huge advancements towards the laws of motion that Sir Isaac Newton would later prove. Galileo made amazing discoveries that greatly prompted the science world of today, but one must imagine what Galileo could have discovered if he had the tools and technology that scientists use today.
Galileo's beliefs and theories almost always went against and disproved the beliefs of the Catholic Church. Galileo tried throughout his career to remain faithful to the Catholic Church, but he was too devoted to the results and proofs of his experiments and theories. Galileo's most contentious belief was that of heliocentrism. Galileo believed that the Earth, as well as the other planets in the solar system, revolved around the sun. This belief directly went against the Church's belief in geocentrism. The Church believed that the sun, as well as the other planets in the solar system, revolved around the sun, and this has been believed for centuries. Galileo spoke publicly about his beliefs, but this was stopped by the Church when he was called to the Inquisition. Galileo was forced to denounce his beliefs and was sentenced to house arrest for life. Galileo's belief and support of heliocentrism had so much impact on the beliefs of scientists today, but it could also be considered one of Galileo's downfalls. If Galileo had not been sentenced to house arrest for life, he could have possibly made even more scientific discoveries and shared them with the world as well as gotten closer to reaching his scientific potential.
Galileo was able to create a very improved model of the telescope that allowed him to study the planets, the sun, and the stars, but if he could have had a telescope as advanced as the kinds scientists use today, he could have discovered things that people had never even dreamed of in his time period. Galileo's findings sparked the Scientific Revolution and changed the way people thought about the world and the way things work. Without Galileo's discoveries many scientists that came after Galileo's time may not have been inspired to make their own discoveries and their own conclusions. Although Galileo made such huge advancements in technology and scientific instruments during his time, he still did not have the tools worthy to help him reach his full possibility. It was not Galileo's genius that had failed him, it was the lack of instruments that he had to express and prove his genius.
Galileo was one of the most influential scientists in history, but he lacked the supplies that would allow him to reach his full capacity. Galileo's belief that the solar system is heliocentric is a prime reason for him being so renowned throughout history. Galileo faced many trying times thrown at him by the Catholic Church due to their conflicting beliefs, but he stuck by them, even if not publicly known, until the very end. His determination and belief in his work gave way to immense opportunities for the future of the scientific world as well as many different discoveries that are essential for the way the world works today. Galileo's works will continue to influence the science world's discoveries far into the future despite the trying times that he had to face in order for his beliefs and opinions to be heard.
Galileo Galilei was born in the mid 1500s, and he was considered to be the most innovative scientist of this time period. The discoveries of Galileo greatly influenced the future scientists of the Western Civilization. Throughout Galileo’s times of scientific discovery he was subject to many trials and hardships, specifically by the Catholic Church. The hardships he suffered were common for scientists and revolutionists of the time period. Galileo’s progressive discoveries in the subjects of technology, astronomy, and physics were major influences on the modern science of today, but the hardships he encountered, such as constant condemnation by the Catholic Church and lack of advanced supplies or tools, did not allow Galileo to advance to his full potential.
Galileo made many advancements and discoveries in the topics of technology, astronomy, and physics. In terms of technology, Galileo created a model of a thermometer as well as an improved model of the telescope. He also created a more innovative model of a geometric compass. In astronomy, Galileo discovered the four moons of Jupiter and also converted from the belief of geocentrism, the idea that the planets in the solar system revolve around the Earth, to the belief of heliocentrism, the idea that the planets in the solar system including Earth revolve around the sun. This was the most controversial belief that Galileo supported because it went against the belief of the Catholic Church. Galileo also made the conclusion that the Milky Way is in fact made up of a multitude of stars, and that the moon is not a smooth sphere, rather it is made up of mountainous terrain much like the Earth. In Galileo's study of physics, he made huge advancements towards the laws of motion that Sir Isaac Newton would later prove. Galileo made amazing discoveries that greatly prompted the science world of today, but one must imagine what Galileo could have discovered if he had the tools and technology that scientists use today.
Galileo's beliefs and theories almost always went against and disproved the beliefs of the Catholic Church. Galileo tried throughout his career to remain faithful to the Catholic Church, but he was too devoted to the results and proofs of his experiments and theories. Galileo's most contentious belief was that of heliocentrism. Galileo believed that the Earth, as well as the other planets in the solar system, revolved around the sun. This belief directly went against the Church's belief in geocentrism. The Church believed that the sun, as well as the other planets in the solar system, revolved around the sun, and this has been believed for centuries. Galileo spoke publicly about his beliefs, but this was stopped by the Church when he was called to the Inquisition. Galileo was forced to denounce his beliefs and was sentenced to house arrest for life. Galileo's belief and support of heliocentrism had so much impact on the beliefs of scientists today, but it could also be considered one of Galileo's downfalls. If Galileo had not been sentenced to house arrest for life, he could have possibly made even more scientific discoveries and shared them with the world as well as gotten closer to reaching his scientific potential.
Galileo was able to create a very improved model of the telescope that allowed him to study the planets, the sun, and the stars, but if he could have had a telescope as advanced as the kinds scientists use today, he could have discovered things that people had never even dreamed of in his time period. Galileo's findings sparked the Scientific Revolution and changed the way people thought about the world and the way things work. Without Galileo's discoveries many scientists that came after Galileo's time may not have been inspired to make their own discoveries and their own conclusions. Although Galileo made such huge advancements in technology and scientific instruments during his time, he still did not have the tools worthy to help him reach his full possibility. It was not Galileo's genius that had failed him, it was the lack of instruments that he had to express and prove his genius.
Galileo was one of the most influential scientists in history, but he lacked the supplies that would allow him to reach his full capacity. Galileo's belief that the solar system is heliocentric is a prime reason for him being so renowned throughout history. Galileo faced many trying times thrown at him by the Catholic Church due to their conflicting beliefs, but he stuck by them, even if not publicly known, until the very end. His determination and belief in his work gave way to immense opportunities for the future of the scientific world as well as many different discoveries that are essential for the way the world works today. Galileo's works will continue to influence the science world's discoveries far into the future despite the trying times that he had to face in order for his beliefs and opinions to be heard.
Friday, December 10, 2010
Monday, December 6, 2010
Free Response Practice 1
"Why are the trials and tribulations of Galileo often considered both predicative of the future of Western Civilization as well as a perfect encapsulation of the context of his own time?"
Galileo was a very influential scientist of his time. He not only influenced the scientists of his time, but also the scientists of the future. He made many contributions to the science world with his theories and beliefs. He faced many trials and tribulations throughout his scientific career because his beliefs generally went against the beliefs of the Catholic Church and the Pope. Galileo influenced the science world of his era as well as the science world of the future all while facing many hardships and troubles thrown at him by the Catholic Church. Galileo's sparking of the Scientific Revolution as well as his future influence causing the Enlightenment period occurred throughout a period of judgment by the Catholic Church making him one of the greatest scientists of all time.
Galileo influenced the science world of his own era by sparking the Scientific Revolution. He began the period of time where a myriad of scientific discoveries came about. He also had an impact on many of the scientists of this time period. Galileo began the domino effect that would influence so many scientists throughout the world during the period of his scientific work. Without Galileo's insight, many things believed now would have taken a longer time to prove or may have never been proved. Galileo proved that the Milky Way was made up of stars, and that the Earth revolved around the sun rather than the other way around. He also proved that the moon was mountainous with rough terrain, much like the Earth. He gained many of these discoveries through the use of his telescope which he made based on the model of another scientist's. Without Galileo's discoveries many things may not have been found out about that seem like common knowledge today.
Galileo influenced the science world of the future in many important ways. Galileo believed that the solar system was heliocentric, which was controversial at the time, but eventually was proven true and is now an accepted concept in the scientific world. Galileo helped to inspire the laws of motion created by Sir Isaac Newton after his own time. Without the laws of motion people would not even understand how basic movements cause of the things to occur. Galileo also had a huge impact on the Enlightenment period, which was a time of great discoveries for the scientific world. Scientists learned so many things about the universe and how things work. The ideas of the period of Enlightenment have been carried on into the present day, and can even lead to more discoveries and breakthroughs in the future. Galileo's beginning of the Scientific Revolution lead to the period of Enlightenment, which will lead to discoveries of the present, and even to discoveries of the future.
Galileo's beliefs were extremely controversial and went against the beliefs of the Catholic Church and the Pope on many occasions. One of these beliefs was that the solar system was heliocentric. This means that the sun is in the center of the solar system and all of the other planets revolve around the sun. The beliefs of the Catholic Church are that the solar system is geocentric. This means that the Earth is in the center of the solar system and all of the other planets revolve around the earth. The Pope told Galileo to deny these beliefs, but he refused. Because of this Galileo was tried at the Inquisition and was found guilty of heresy. Galileo was forced to denounce his beliefs in front of the entire Inquisition, which he begrudgingly did, and was sentenced to time in prison. Galileo was ill and they allowed him to be on house arrest where he remained for the rest of his life. Galileo was a perfect example of what was going on at the time. This is because the Church disagreed with his beliefs and imprisoned him, which is what happened to many scientists and philosophers of the time.
Galileo was one of the most influential scientists in history. Primarily because of his belief that the solar system is heliocentric. Galileo faced many trying times thrown at him from the Catholic Church and the Pope due to his beliefs, but he stuck by them until the very end. His determination and belief in his work gave way to immense opportunities for the scientific world as well as many different discoveries that are essential for the way the world works today. Galileo's works will continue to influence the science world's discoveries far into the future.
Galileo was a very influential scientist of his time. He not only influenced the scientists of his time, but also the scientists of the future. He made many contributions to the science world with his theories and beliefs. He faced many trials and tribulations throughout his scientific career because his beliefs generally went against the beliefs of the Catholic Church and the Pope. Galileo influenced the science world of his era as well as the science world of the future all while facing many hardships and troubles thrown at him by the Catholic Church. Galileo's sparking of the Scientific Revolution as well as his future influence causing the Enlightenment period occurred throughout a period of judgment by the Catholic Church making him one of the greatest scientists of all time.
Galileo influenced the science world of his own era by sparking the Scientific Revolution. He began the period of time where a myriad of scientific discoveries came about. He also had an impact on many of the scientists of this time period. Galileo began the domino effect that would influence so many scientists throughout the world during the period of his scientific work. Without Galileo's insight, many things believed now would have taken a longer time to prove or may have never been proved. Galileo proved that the Milky Way was made up of stars, and that the Earth revolved around the sun rather than the other way around. He also proved that the moon was mountainous with rough terrain, much like the Earth. He gained many of these discoveries through the use of his telescope which he made based on the model of another scientist's. Without Galileo's discoveries many things may not have been found out about that seem like common knowledge today.
Galileo influenced the science world of the future in many important ways. Galileo believed that the solar system was heliocentric, which was controversial at the time, but eventually was proven true and is now an accepted concept in the scientific world. Galileo helped to inspire the laws of motion created by Sir Isaac Newton after his own time. Without the laws of motion people would not even understand how basic movements cause of the things to occur. Galileo also had a huge impact on the Enlightenment period, which was a time of great discoveries for the scientific world. Scientists learned so many things about the universe and how things work. The ideas of the period of Enlightenment have been carried on into the present day, and can even lead to more discoveries and breakthroughs in the future. Galileo's beginning of the Scientific Revolution lead to the period of Enlightenment, which will lead to discoveries of the present, and even to discoveries of the future.
Galileo's beliefs were extremely controversial and went against the beliefs of the Catholic Church and the Pope on many occasions. One of these beliefs was that the solar system was heliocentric. This means that the sun is in the center of the solar system and all of the other planets revolve around the sun. The beliefs of the Catholic Church are that the solar system is geocentric. This means that the Earth is in the center of the solar system and all of the other planets revolve around the earth. The Pope told Galileo to deny these beliefs, but he refused. Because of this Galileo was tried at the Inquisition and was found guilty of heresy. Galileo was forced to denounce his beliefs in front of the entire Inquisition, which he begrudgingly did, and was sentenced to time in prison. Galileo was ill and they allowed him to be on house arrest where he remained for the rest of his life. Galileo was a perfect example of what was going on at the time. This is because the Church disagreed with his beliefs and imprisoned him, which is what happened to many scientists and philosophers of the time.
Galileo was one of the most influential scientists in history. Primarily because of his belief that the solar system is heliocentric. Galileo faced many trying times thrown at him from the Catholic Church and the Pope due to his beliefs, but he stuck by them until the very end. His determination and belief in his work gave way to immense opportunities for the scientific world as well as many different discoveries that are essential for the way the world works today. Galileo's works will continue to influence the science world's discoveries far into the future.
Friday, December 3, 2010
France: Age of Absolutism Notes
- Late 16th-early 18th century
- 1598: Henry IV King of France
- Issues the Edict of Nantes
- Granted religious toleration to the French Huguenots
- Established Henry IV as a politique
- Nobility was exempt from paying taxes
- Caused tax problems
- Henry IV appoints the Duke of Sully
- Makes the tax system more efficient
- Nobility decided to give money in exchange for prestigious positions in the government; rather than pay taxes
- Called the Nobility of the Robe
- 1610: Henry IV is assassinated
- From the family of the House of Bourbon
- One of the great families of France
- His son, Louis XIII becomes king
- He is only nine years old
- Cardinal Richelieu becomes Chief Minister, most important regent
- 1624-1642: Richelieu is in charge of France
- Goal: strengthen royal power in France
- A politique
- Put politics ahead of religion
- His heart is with the King of France and not with the Pope
- Wanted to knock down the up-and-coming nobles
- Divides France into 32 segments
- Noble in charge was replaced by superintendent
- Usually middle class people
- They would be more loyal because they have a position of power
- Thought it was important to limit Habsburg power
- Supports the Protestants in the 30 Years War
- They are against the Habsburgs
- He doesn't want them to become more powerful
- Example of politique
- 1642: Richelieu dies and Louis XIII also dies
- Louis XIII had a son, Louis XIV
- He is only 5
- The Sun King
- One of the most famous, dominant figures in French history
- Chief Minister: Cardinal Mazarin
- Rebellion began to break out
- Frondes
- Caused Louis XIV to leave Paris
- Grows up with a resentment toward these people
- Louis XIV will move the palace to Versailles
- Bishop Bossuet
- Theorized the divine right of kings
- The principle architect of the idea of absolutism
- Louis XIV says, "I am the state."
- Absolute monarchy
- Divine right
- Did not share power with a Parliament like in England
- Increased the power and authority of Richelieu's intendants
- Power of the nobility goes down
- Nobility must owe their allegiance to the King
- Nobility is stuck below Louis XIV
- Versailles describes the personality of Louis XIV
- Jean Baptiste Colbert
- Appointed by Louis XIV to be the Minister of Finance
- Instituted the practice of mercantilism
- More exports than imports
- Government control over the economy
- France now had a major colony in the New World, Quebec
- Encourages the Fur Trade in Canada
- 1685: France has a population of 19 million
- 1 million are Huguenots
- Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes
- Closes all Protestant Churches and forces them all to convert
- French working class was very heavy Huguenot
- 200,000 French working class leave
- Diminishes France's working capacity
- Wars of Louis XIV
- Goals
- Wanted France to expand its borders and move down into Switzerland
- Wanted to make France a global power
- Wanted more power in the Americas
- He was going to inherit the Spanish holdings
- Louis XIV's system continues smoothly on to the next heir
- Louis XIV's army threatened universal monarchy
- Louis XIV wanted to be sovereign over the continent of Europe
- During the Thirty Years War there was no one on the continent who could match him
- Alliances are created between the weaker countries of Europe in order to balance the power the Louis XIV wields
- He tried to extend into the Dutch Republic, but each time the French were pushed back
- All of the other countries have a fear that Louis XIV is going to create a universal monarchy and form the grand alliance
- Attempt to stop Louis XIV from gaining the power that came from the Spanish throne
- Turned into a war between the French and the Grand Alliance
- War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713)
- Cost tons of money to wage
- The revolutionists claim this was a major factor in the gutting of the economy where you have rich and poor, but nothing in the middle
- 1713 :Treaty of Utrecht
- Create a new balance of power in Europe that will last for many years
- France
- Louis' grandson, Phillip V, was allowed to remain king of Spain as long as Spain and France were not united
- France is allowed to keep Alsace, on the border of Germany
- English
- Get naval bases in Gibraltar that connect Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean
- Gets to check the balance of the French- picks up Newfoundland and Nova Scotia
- Gulf of Saint Lawrence is the major trade route into the New World
- Austrians
- Picks up the Spanish Netherlands
- They become Belgium
- Picks up old French holdings in Italy: Naples, Sardinia, and Milan
- Duke of Savoy
- Given Sicily
- Becomes King of Sicily
- Grows tired of Sicily in 1720
- Trades Sicily for Sardinia with Austria
- Brandenburg
- Becomes King of Prussia
- 1560-1715
- Church enters crisis of authority
- Ongoing conflicts and disease
- Rise of people who are questioning the authority and validity of the church hierarchy
- Machiavelli rejected the idea that popes were more important than kings
- Saw the need to reform the Church because the state itself was a secular thing
- Religion and faith were not political ideas; they could bring cohesion to the state
- Rise in middle class
- Capitalism didn't exist yet; oligarchic families
- Corruption
- The peasantry was also moving into a new position
- Began to revolt openly against the aristocracy in England, Italy, France, and Germany
- Against political, economic, social, and religious authority
- Martin Luther
- 1483-1546
- Augustinian monk within the Catholic Church
- Led the attack on the sale of indulgences
- 1517, posted the 95 Theses on the door of the Cathedral
- Resented the wealth and authority of the Church
- Germany hated the land held by the Church
- John Calvin
- Moral righteousness
- Calvinism
- Ethic of self control
- The idea that the majority of human beings are damned
- And that this is God's will
- Geneva, Switzerland, France, and England
- Inquisition enlarged its activity
- Heretical books were burned
- Index of forbidden books
- Confirmed by the Council of Trent in 1546
- Not taken down until 1966
- The Church was shattered
- Rise in folk religion and witchcraft
- Protestantism begins to fragment
- Calvinism
- Anabaptist
- Anglicans
- Lutherans
- Power of monarchs increases
- The Church becomes less of an all-encompassing cultural organization and more of a political organization
- Pope is more like a King
- 1560-1715
- 30 years of international peace
- Thirty Years War
- Began in Bohemia
- Ferdinand was a Catholic and the Bohemian Catholics thought he would make Bohemia Catholic again
- 1618: revolt against the imperial governors
- Ferdinand was deposed and crown offered to Frederick V
- Protestant Union led by Frederick
- Catholic League led by Ferdinand
- Bohemia lay in ruins
- Ferdinand used Jesuits to re-Catholicize the poeple
- 1555: Peace of Augsburg
- Princes got to choose which religion their principality followed
- Increased hostilities because religions try to ally with each other
- Rise of ideological alliances
- Based on similarities in ideology
- General ideas of religion or politics
- 1625: King of Denmark joins Protestants
- He was more interested in gaining land than helping
- 1629: Denmark withdrew from the 30 years war
- Ferdinand issued the Edict of Restitution
- Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden
- Lutzen
- Wins the battle, but he is killed
- Sweden leaves the battle
- Cardinal Richelieu
- Decided to accept any allies regardless of religion
- 1635: declares war on Spain
- 1643: Spanish habsburgs defeated by France
- Treaty of Westphalia
- Signed in 1648
- Fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire
- France gets the right to Alsace
- Thirty Years War
- Destroyed much of Europe
- Holy Roman Empire lost 1/4 of its inhabitants
- Many civil wars
- Protestantism was illegal in France
- But its numbers grew
- Huguenots issued war against
- Guise
- Powerful Catholic family in France
- Henry and Margaret married to bring Catholics together
- Henry of Nevar became King Henry IV after converted to Catholicism
- Issued Edict of Nantes
- Some religious toleration to Protestants in France
- Successors tried to weaken this
- Edict is revoked Louis XIV
- Dutch revolted against king of Spain
- Phillip recognized that the Dutch were powerful
- 1575: Protestants united under William of Orange
- Fought against the tyranny of Philip
- Scots rebel against Mary Queen of Scots
- She was Catholic
- 1588: destruction of Spanish Armada
- England: rise of the Stuarts
- Go into Civil War between 1640-1660
- Behead Charles and Cromwell takes over
- All conflicts were because of religious differences
- Often tied into political struggles
- French become dominant power
- Power of Spain declines
- Role of the absolute monarch perfected
- Louis XIV
- Lived above the laws
- Period is defined by mercantilism
- Fixed amount of raw materials on the earth
- 1521-1660
- Spanish imported 18,000 tons of silver from the New World
- Caused their economy to crash
- New World exploration for gold increased gold in Europe by 20%
- Gold and silver saw an enormous expansion in the markets
- Bourgeoisie class emerged
- "Men of the town"
- Upper middle class
- Business people of Europe
- Men who made their money in banking and investment and business
- Dutch and English would provide the commercial spirit
- Set into motion the Industrial Revolution
- Exploration in the New World
- To find a northwest passage
- Through Canada to China
- Saint Lawrence River
- Mississippi River
- English establish colonies
- English Catholics came to Maryland
- St. Thomas Island
- First college was founded in the New World
- Harvard in 1636
- Named after John Harvard
- Founded by the Puritan teachers there
- Scientific Revolution
- Produced many of the great scientific thinkers
- Scientists
- Copernicus
- Heliocentrism
- Bruno
- Scientist
- Burned at the stake
- Kepler
- Telescope
- Tycho Brahe
- Galileo
- Robert Hooke
- Robert Boyle
- Edmond Hayley
- Isaac Newton
- Philosophers
- Rene Descartes
- John Locke
- Francis Bacon
- Thomas Hobbes
- Monarchist/absolutist
- Leviathan
- Leibniz
- Spinoza
- Witchcraft
- A lot of suspicion about witches
- Tradition of witchcraft can be traced to the origins of European culture
- Two types
- One with healing and fortunetelling
- Demonology
- Bringing up evil spirits
- Many kinds of witches
- The Church believed that witches entered into a bond with Satan
- Witches held secret meetings with Satan
- Tried to persecute witches for heresy
- Persecutions became fear and anxiety
- Spread rumors about the witches that they were plotting to overthrow the Church
- A book called the Malleus Maleficarum
- Means the Witch Hammer
- Heinrich Kramer
- James Springer
- Women were linked with witchcraft
- Accusations against women were far greater than those of men
- 100,000 people were tried for witchcraft
- 10,000 were executed
- Burned at the stake
- Believed that women were perceived to be "the weaker vessel"
- More given to temptation
- 1700: Burning Times died down
- The Reformation triggered an intellectual backlash
- Backlash against religious fanaticism
- Atmosphere which implied that it was reason that could figure out the world
- John Dee carries out a series of experiments with talking to spirits
- Led to the Enlightenment Period
- Bring faith into accordance with reason
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)