Second Draft of Outline for Term Paper

Thesis: Although Stalin protected Russia by fending off the Nazis, he was an extremely oppressive leader in Russia’s history in the sense that he killed three million Russian people and caused their suffering for many years, which is why Stalin was ultimately more harmful to Russia than beneficial.


Definitions:

• Stalinism: "The form of Marxism associated with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.Stalinism emphasizes the repression of all dissent, often by brutalmeans; a rigid adherence to government management of economiclife; and the domination of all communist movements worldwide by the Soviet Union. In holding to these beliefs, Stalin opposed Leon Trotsky." (American Heritage Dictionary)
• Trotskyism: "The doctrines of the twentieth-century Russian political leader Leon Trotsky, who believed that communism should depend on thecooperation of the proletariats of all nations rather than ondomination by the Soviet Union. Trotsky's ideas were opposed byJoseph Stalin, the Soviet premier, who sent Trotsky into exile, madehim a nonperson, and eventually had him assassinated." (American Heritage Dictionary)
• Leninism:"The form of communism as taught by Lenin,  with emphasis on the dictatorship of the proletariat." (American Heritage Dictionary)
• Communism:"An economic and social system envisioned by the nineteenth-century German scholar Karl Marx. In theory, under communism, allmeans of production are owned in common, rather than by individuals. In practice, asingle authoritarian party controls both the political and economic systems. In the twentieth century, communism was associated withthe economic and political systems of China and the Soviet Union and of the satellites of the Soviet Union." (American Heritage Dictionary)
• Anarchism: "Belief in the abolition of all government and the organization of society on a voluntary, cooperative basis without recourse to force or compulsion." (Oxford Dictionary)
• Socialism:"An economic system in which the production and distribution of goods are controlled substantially by the government rather than by private enterprise, and in which cooperation rather than competitionguides economic activity. There are many varieties of socialism.Some socialists tolerate capitalism, as long as the governmentmaintains the dominant influence over the economy; others insiston an abolition of private enterprise. All communists are socialists,but not all socialists are communists." (American Heritage Dictionary)
• Bolshevism: "The doctrines, methods, or procedure of the Bolsheviks; the principles or practices of ultra-radical socialists or political ultra-radicals generally." (Oxford Dictionary)
• Marxism:"The doctrines of Karl Marx and his associate Friedrich Engels on economics, politics, and society. They include the notion ofeconomic determinism — that political and social structures aredetermined by the economic conditions of people. Marxism calls fora classless society in which all means of production are commonly owned, a system to be reached as an inevitableresult of the struggle between the leaders of capitalism and the workers." (American Heritage Dictionary)
• Liberalism:"In the twentieth century, a viewpoint or ideology associated withfree political institutions and religious toleration, as well as supportfor a strong role of government in regulating capitalism andconstructing the welfare state." (American Heritage Dictionary)

Sources: For primary sources, so far, I have found biographies on Stalin, letters, pictures, speeches, and telegrams from the time period of his rule.  For secondary sources, so far, I have found timelines of Stalin's life as well as various articles about Stalin from the New York Times.  I also used the American Heritage and Oxford Dictionaries.

1. Background on Stalin's early life
1. Joseph Stalin was born on December 21, 1879 in Gori, Georgia.
2. He entered a seminary, but was expelled for rebellion and decided to become a Marxist.
1. Stalin said, "The whole atmosphere round me was saturated with hatred of Tsarist oppression, and I threw myself whole-heartedly into revolutionary work" (J.T. Murphy)
2. Stalin's influence in Russia from 1917-1921
1. Stalin's part in the Russian Revolution
2. Stalin's part in the Russian Civil War
1. "He dreamed of the electrification of all Russia, and began to make it come true in the midst of the famine and desolation of the years of civil war" (J. T. Murphy).
2. "The Civil war began in Russia. Stalin commanded the forces in Tsaritsyn and St. Petersburg" (Abhijit Naik).
3. Stalin's part in the Polish-Soviet War
3. Stalin's ascension to leadership in Russia
1. Stalin's position as General Secretary of the Communist Party
1. "On Lenin’s motion, the Plenum of the Central Committee, on April 3, 1922, elected Stalin, Lenin’s faithful disciple and associate, General Secretary of the Central Committee, a post at which he has remained ever since" (Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute).
2. Stalin continued to gain more and more power over time.
4. Stalin's major alterations of Soviet society
1. Increase of secret service in the Soviet Union
2. Stalin created a "cult of personality" around himself in order to make himself seem like a hero to the public.
1. "In the years since the Constitutional Congress, Stalin’s own personality began to be more widely known. His picture and slogans became so prominent in the Soviet Union that foreigners found this “idolatry” forced and insincere" (Anna Louise Strong).
3. Stalin executed thousands of innocent Russian people who opposed his regime.
4. Stalin deported thousands of people out of Russia greatly shifting the demographics.
5. There were huge famines during Stalin's rule.
6. All aspects of culture, such as science and art, were controlled by Stalin.
5. In 1939, Stalin entered into a pact with Hitler.
1. The treaty divided Eastern Europe into areas where German and Soviet influence was prevalent.
2. Hitler dissolved the pact in 1941.
3. German forces attack Russia, but Russia is able to push the troops back.
4. In 1945, Russian troops officially defeated the German troops.
6. Stalin was in power until 1953 when he died.
1. Stalin's ruling tactics were extremely harmful and devastating to Russian society.
2. He caused there to be much struggle in the country for many years.

Sources:

American Heritage Dictionary. Retrieved March 7, 2011, from 
http://dictionary.reference.com/help/ahd4.html


Foster, William Z. (1939). Lenin and Stalin as Mass Leaders. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/archive/foster/1939/12/stalin.htm


Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute, Initials. (1947). Stalin. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/biographies/1947/stalin/07.htm


Murphy, J. T. (1945). Stalin. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/archive/murphy-jt/1945/stalin/index.htm


Naik, Abhijit. (n.d.). Timeline of Joseph Stalin. Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/timeline-of-joseph-stalin.html


Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved March 7, 2011, from http://oxforddictionaries.com/?attempted=true


Strong, Anna Louise. (1941). Stalin. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/strong-anna-louise/1941/x01/stalin.htm

Industrial Revolution Free Response

Explain how the Industrial Revolution influenced the rise of conservative and liberal philosophies and explain how those philosophies competed with or related to nationalism in Greece and Germany.


The Industrial Revolution of the 19th century was a time in European history filled with great breakthroughs and inventions.  Machines were invented that made work more efficient, and factories were created to give people more jobs.  However, there were no laws protecting the people who worked in these factories.  Everyone, including children, would work around 14 hour days in order to make a living for their families.  The Industrial Revolution was the largest influence for the rise of conservative and liberal philosophies in the sense that it created a platform for people to express their views publicly, and it was the start of several revolutions throughout Europe.


Kasooth was a huge influence on the European people during the Industrial Revolution.  He gave a speech, which was published in a newspaper and spread throughout Europe.  The people were inspired to fight for the rights of everyone and to also become their own separate nations.  Hungary was specifically affected by this speech because the people decided that they no longer wanted to be a part of Austria.  Everyone revolted against the government, and they became their own independent nation.  People throughout Europe decided to do what the Hungarian people did, and fight for the freedom of their nation.  These people were nationalists because they were joining together to make sure that their nation was rightly treated and received equal rights.  The Industrial Revolution was a time period in which people were inventing things that made it much more efficient to produce newspapers and things that would spread the ideas of conservatism and liberalism throughout Europe.


There were many people and nations throughout Europe who wanted freedom during this time, but their were also people who wanted things to stay the way they were.  Conservatives wanted to stick to the status quo and leave things they way they have always been.  Conservatives were against Germany becoming a unified nation because they liked things they way they were and did not want anything to change.  The liberals wanted Germany to become a unified nation; they did not like the way things were occurring throughout Europe.  The Congress of Vienna was held in order to decide whether or not Germany should become a unified nation.  Greece is an example of a nation fighting to become independent.  Greece wanted to become its own country and be able to have its own government.  Greece made an alliance with other European countries that could help them throughout their fight for independence.  All of these people who were fighting for their rights and independence are nationalists.


The corn riots throughout Europe were a huge way for people to show their dislike for the decisions of the government during the Industrial Revolution.  The people did not like the tax on bread and wheat; therefore, they decided to burn down fields of wheat and corn in protest.  The people would do this in order to show the government what they are doing wrong.  These protests were successful in getting the points of the people across to the government, but burning down fields is not an appropriate way to get your point across.  It will only harm the land and make things even worse for the people in the sense of taxes and food shortage.


In many revolutions throughout Europe, such as in Germany and Greece, the conservatives were keeping the country from becoming unified or independent.  They did not want things to change in their nation; they wanted things to stay exactly the way that they were.  The liberals were generally the ones who wanted the nations to change their ways and become either independent or unified.  Without the conservatives and liberals there would not be nationalism because the people would have nothing to fight for and unite over.  The people could unite themselves with nationalism and fight for their rights to be independent.  If the Industrial Revolution had never happened it is hard to imagine where Europe as a whole would be today.

Notes 3/3/11

• These are all of the people off of the course outline of primary sources, unit 10
• Arnold Toynbee
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Toynbee
• Steam engine- James Watt
• Compresses steam, makes a very powerful force
• ENERGY! :DD
• This machine changes the world
• After the invention of this, we start getting hygiene and sanitary problems. 
• People working in factories with coal all day, very dirty and unhealthy
• Edwin Chadwick*** was a reformer in England
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Chadwick
• Important, very likely DBQ material
• His major concern was the reform of laws to help the workers. 
• Wanted to develop means of improving the conditions of work
• He found that there were diseases common among the people working in the factories
• Factories=pollution
• As soon as they came into existence, so did pollution because there were no regulations
• Peterloo Massacre- 
• The TIMES runs stories, criticizing the government about this. this is the moment when journalism starts to criticize the government instead of telling the story the way the government wants it. 
• Big moment in time for journalism
• Florence Nightingale
• Wrote about hygiene in the rural areas of the country
• Monopoly
• The idea that you buy up all of the competition so you are the only competitor in town
• Carnegie 
• Benjamin Disraeli
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli
• Was a Tory- Nickname given to British conservative
• Will run England as prime minister through the Victorian Era
• Victoria Becomes queen during the industrial revolution
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria
• They run a conservative government
• The social values of the time period are conservative