Age of Realpolitik Notes

• Crimean War
• Major cause: dispute between two groups of Christians over privileges in the Holy Land (Palestine)
• 1852, Turks (who controlled Palestine) agreed to Napoleon III's demands to provide enclaves in the Holy Land for the protection of Roman Catholic religious orders.
• Florence Nightingale
• British nurse who became a pioneer in modern nursing
• During the Crimean War more men died of disease rather than by combat wounds.
• Nightingale's "Light Brigade" superbly tended to wounded men during the war, although fatalities due to disease remained high.
• Second French Republic
• Constitution: unicameral legislature (National Assembly); strong executive power; popularly elected president of the republic
• Universal male suffrage
• President Louis Napoleon: seen by voters as a symbol of stability and greatness
• Dedicated to law and order, opposed to socialism and radicalism, and favored the conservative classes--the Church, army, property-owners, and business.
• Second French Empire
• Emperor Napoleon III: took control of gov't in coup d'etat (December 1851) and became emperor the following year
• Emperor Napoleon III
• Baron Georges von Haussmann
• Infrastructure: railroads, canals, roads
• Credit Mobilier
• Banking: funded industrial and infrastructure growth
• Syllabus of Errors
• Pope Pius IX issued Syllabus of Errors (1864), condemning liberalism.
• Italian Unification
• After collapse of revolutions of 1848-49, unification movement in Italy shifted to Sardinia-Piedmont under King Victor Emmanuel, Count Cavour and Garibaldi
• King Victor Emmanuel
• Falloux Law
• Louis Napoleon returned control of education to the Church (in return for its support)
• Minimized influence of the Legislative Assembly
• Supported policies favorable to the army
• Disenfranchised many poor people from voting
• Destroyed the democratic-socialist movement by jailing or exiling its leaders and closing down labor unions.
• "Liberal Empire"
• By initiating a series of reforms.
• Napoleon III's rule provided a model for other political leaders in Europe.
• Demonstrated how gov't could reconcile popular and conservative forces through authoritarian nationalism.
• Count Cavour
• Served as King Victor Emmanuel's prime minister between 1852 and 1861
• Essentially a moderate nationalist and aristocratic liberal
• Replaced the earlier failed unification revolutionaries such as Mazzini and the Young Italy Movement.
• The Law on Convents and Siccardi Law
• Sought to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church
• "Il Risorgimento"
• A newspaper arguing Sardinia should be the foundation of a new unified Italy.
• Plombieres, 1859
• Giuseppe Garibaldi, Red Shirts
• Liberated southern Italy and Sicily.
• Garibaldi exemplified the romantic nationalism of Mazzini and earlier Young Italy revolutionaries.
• "Humiliation of Olmutz"
• 1849, Austria had blocked the attempt of Frederick William IV of Prussia to unify Germany "from above"
• Zollverein
• Zollverein (German customs union), 1734: biggest source of tension between Prussia and Austria.
• Kleindeutsch Plan
• Otto von Bismarck
• Led the drive for a Prussian-based Hohenzollern Germany
• Junker background; obsessed with power
• "Gap Theory"
• gained Bismarck's favor with the king
• "Blood and Iron"
• Prussian-Danish War, 1863
• Germany and Austria defeated Denmark and took control of the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein
• Austro-Prussian War, 1866
• Bismarck sought a localized war
• Made diplomatic preparations for war with Austria by negotiating with France, Italy, and Russia for noninterference
• Reichstag
• The parliament (Reichstag) consisted of two houses that shared power equally.
• Bundestag
• The lower house (bundestag) had representatives elected by universal male suffrage
• Franco-Prussian War
• Austro-Hungarian Empire
• After the Austro-Prussian War the Austrian gov't had to address national aspirations of its ethnic groups:
• Ausgleich

Real Politik: the political manifestation of what was considered Realism

• The Crimean War
• 1853-1856
• the first war covered by the media
• the first war to involve female nurses
• 1853: Nicholas I of Russia moves troops into what is today Romania
• Romania was split in two provinces
• pretends he is going to be defending the Christians in the Holy Land
• Western Europe does not want Russian influence coming this far into trade routes with the East
• the French convince the Turks to resist the Russian encroachment
• The Turks go to war with the Russians
• The Russians force the battle onto the Crimean Peninsula
• Britain blocked off the Black Sea from the rest of the Mediterranean
• not allowing the Russians to maneuver into Turkey
• the czar of Russia died and his son took his place, Alexander
• Alexander creates a treaty
• Russia is not allowed to leave its established borders even under the pretense of security for Christians in South Eastern Europe
• the two provinces in Romania are made independent states
• they combine and unify as Romania
• Alexander was not allowed to put ships on the Black Sea

Unit Four Review Questions

5/20

Romantics FRQ

To what extent did Romanticism challenge Enlightenment views of human beings and the natural world and how did this challenge illustrate changes between the Enlightenment and Romantic views of the relationship between God and the individual?


The rise of Romanticism began in the 19th century as a rebellion against French occupation in Germany.  The people wanted to express their contempt for the French people by creating art and music.  Many different artists, writers, and composers that came from this time period are still celebrated in today's society.  This was a time in which people found a new way to express themselves instead of making speeches and marching in protest.  People could now express themselves on an entirely new level, which reached the darkest emotions of their souls.  The rise of Romanticism completely went against the Enlightenment views of human beings and the natural world through the works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats, and many others; this shows how art, music, and literature are no longer centered around God, and how Romanticism began the transition of a completely religious society into a more secular society.


During the Enlightenment period, many new discoveries were coming about and many new inventions were created, but everything that happened had to be approved of by the Church.  If the Church did not agree with something that was going on or a new theory that was developed, the person, or people, responsible could be  convicted, jailed, and even executed.  A perfect example of this would be Galileo, a scientist who was sentenced to house arrest for the rest of his life because the Church did not agree with his theory of heliocentrism.  The Romantic period completely went against all of these things.  People were creating art, literature, and music that could be used to speak out against oppressors.  The music of this time period was peaceful, calming, and unpredictable as opposed to the straightforward and predictable music of the Enlightenment time.  Literature expressed people's deepest emotions, and at times could be quite dark.  Art was no longer the clear-cut Neo-Classical style; it was now more vibrant and pleasing to the eye.  The Romantic period completely changed the ideas instilled during the Enlightenment period.


Prominent literary artists during the Romantic period were Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lord Byron, John Keats, and Coleridge.  All of these people explored the deepest depths of their imaginations in order to produce beautiful poetry.  They saw the world in a whole new way, and also changed people's views of the world around them.  Prevalent artists were Delacroix and Gericault; one of Delacroix's most popular paintings was "Liberty Leading the People."  This painting showed lady liberty carrying the French Revolutionary flag through a battlefield filled with the bodies of fallen soldiers.  It is important to realize the impact that these artists along with many others had on society.


Throughout the Romantic period, society became less and less centered around God.  Art, literature, and music were not created about God; they were created to express the feelings of the people.  The German people were being oppressed by the French; this is the reason that they were creating their art.  They wanted to express their dislike of the French occupation.  The Church was no longer such a huge power that they could control every aspect of the people's lives and how they expressed themselves.  Society became much more secular and less and less religious.


The Romantic period was a prominent time in the history of Europe, in which the arts flourished.  The arts were used to express people's emotions and thoughts.  Arts no longer sought the approval of the Church, and no longer needed the Church's approval.  This was the time that would forever change the history of art.  The views of the Enlightenment period were no longer prevalent, and people could express themselves like never before.

Final Draft of Formal Outline for Term Paper

Thesis: Although Stalin protected Russia by fending off the Nazis, he was an extremely oppressive leader in Russia’s history in the sense that he killed three million Russian people and caused their suffering for many years, which is why Stalin was ultimately more harmful to Russia than beneficial.

Definitions:

·         Stalinism: “The form of Marxism associated with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.  Stalinism emphasizes the repression of all dissent, often by brutal means; a rigid adherence to government management of economic life; and the domination of all communist movements worldwide by the Soviet Union.  In holding to these beliefs, Stalin opposed Leon Trotsky.” (American Heritage Dictionary)

·         Trotskyism: “The doctrines of the twentieth-century Russian political leader Leon Trotsky, who believed that communism should depend on the cooperation of the proletariats of all nations rather than on domination by the Soviet Union.  Trotsky’s ideas were opposed by Joseph Stalin, the Soviet premier, who sent Trotsky into exile, made him a nonperson, and eventually had him assassinated.” (American Heritage Dictionary)

·         Leninism: “The form of communism as taught by Lenin, with emphasis on the dictatorship of the proletariat.” (American Heritage Dictionary)

·         Communism: “An economic and social system envisioned by the nineteenth-century German scholar Karl Mars.  In theory, under communism, all means of production are owned in common, rather than by individuals.  In practice, a single authoritarian party controls both the political and economic systems.  In the twentieth century, communism was associated with the economic and political systems of China and the Soviet Union and of the satellites of the Soviet Union.” (American Heritage Dictionary)

·         Anarchism: “Belief in the abolition of all government and the organization of society on a voluntary, cooperative basis without recourse to force or compulsion.” (Oxford Dictionary)

·         Socialism: “An economic system in which the production and distribution of goods are controlled substantially by the government rather than by private enterprise, and in which cooperation rather than competition guides economic activity.  There are many varieties of socialism.  Some socialists tolerate capitalism, as long as the government maintains the dominant influence over the economy; others insist on an abolition of private enterprise.  All communists are socialists, but not all socialists are communists.” (American Heritage Dictionary)

·         Bolshevism: “The doctrines, methods, or procedure of the Bolsheviks; the principles or practices of ultra-radical socialists or political ultra-radicals generally.” (Oxford Dictionary)

·         Marxism: “The doctrines of Karl Marx and his associate Friedrich Engels on economics, politics, and society.  They include the notion of economic determinism—that political and social structures are determine by the economic conditions of people.  Marxism calls for a classless society in which all means of production are commonly owned, a system to be reached as an inevitable result of the struggle between the leaders of capitalism and the workers.” (American Heritage Dictionary)

·         Liberalism: “In the twentieth century, a viewpoint or ideology associated with free political institutions and religious toleration, as well as support for a strong role of government in regulation capitalism and constructing the welfare state.” (American Heritage Dictionary)

More terms may be added to this list as I continue in my research and writing.

Outline:

       I.            Background on Stalin’s early life

a.       Joseph Stalin was born on December 21, 1879 in Gori, Georgia.

b.      He entered a seminary, but was expelled for rebellion and decided to become a Marxist.

                                                              i.      Stalin said, “The whole atmosphere round me was saturated with hatred of Tsarist oppression, and I threw myself whole-heartedly into revolutionary work” (J.T. Murphy).

    II.            Stalin’s influence in Russia from 1917-1921

a.       Stalin’s part in the Russian Revolution

b.      Stalin’s part in the Russian Civil War

                                                              i.      “He dreamed of the electrification of all Russia, and began to make it come true in the midst of the famine and desolation of the years of civil war” (J. T. Murphy).

                                                            ii.      “The Civil war began in Russia.  Stalin commanded the forces in Tsaritsyn and St. Petersburg” (Abhijit Naik).

c.       Stalin’s part in the Polish-Soviet War

 III.            Stalin’s ascension to leadership in Russia

a.       Stalin’s position as General Secretary of the Communist Party

                                                              i.      “On Lenin’s motion, the Plenum of the Central Committee, on April 3, 1922, elected Stalin, Lenin’s faithful disciple and associate, General Secretary of the Central Committee, a post at which he has remained ever since” (Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute).

b.      Stalin continued to gain more and more power over time.

                                                              i.      In a letter to Congress, Lenin stated, “Stalin, having become General Secretary, consolidated his immense power, and I’m not sure whether he will always care enough to use that power” (Lenin’s Testament).
IV.            In 1939, Stalin entered into a pact with Hitler.

a.       The treaty divided Eastern Europe into areas where German and Soviet influence was prevalent.

b.      Hitler dissolved the pact in 1941.

c.       German forces attack Russia, but Russia is able to push the troops back.

d.      In 1945, Russian troops officially defeated the German troops.

V.        Stalin’s major alterations of Soviet society

a.       Increase of secret service in the Soviet Union

b.      Stalin created a “cult of personality” around himself in order to make himself seem like a hero to the public.

                                                              i.      “In the years since the Constitutional Congress, Stalin’s own personality began to be more widely known.  His picture and slogans became so prominent in the Soviet Union that foreigners found this “idolatry” forced and insincere” (Anna Louise Strong).

c.       Stalin executed thousands of innocent Russian people who opposed his regime.

d.      Stalin deported thousands of people out of Russia greatly shifting the demographics.

e.       There were huge famines during Stalin’s rule.

f.       All aspects of culture, such as science and art, were controlled by Stalin.

 VI.            Stalin was in power until 1953 when he died.

a.       Stalin’s ruling tactics were extremely harmful and devastating to Russian society.

b.      He caused there to be much struggle in the country for many years.

Sources:

American Heritage Dictionary. Retrieved March 7, 2011, from http://dictionary.reference.com/help/ahd4.html

Bacon, E., & Wyman, M. (2006). Contemporary Russia. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

Berton, S., & Potts, J. (2006). Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-creation of World War II through the Eyes and Minds of Hitler, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin.  United Kingdom: Da Capo Press.

Boobbyer, P. (2000). The Stalin Era. New York, NY: Routledge.

Carr, E. H. (1979). The Russian Revolution from Lenin to Stalin (1917-1929). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

Curtis, G. E. (1998). Russia: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army.

Fitzpatrick, S. (2008). The Russian Revolution. New Your, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.

Foster, William Z. (1939). Lenin and Stalin as Mass Leaders. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/archive/foster/1939/12/stalin.htm

Kuromiya, H. (2005). Stalin. Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited.

Laqueur, W. (1990) Stalin: The Glasnost Revelations. New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

Lenin, V. (1922, December 24). Lenin’s Testament. Retrieved from http://stalin.edusite.ru/p3aa1.html

Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute, Initials. (1947). Stalin. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/biographies/1947/stalin/07.htm

McCauley, M. (2008). Stalin and Stalinism. Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited.

Medvedev, R. (1984). All Stalin’s Men. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday.

Murphy, J. T. (1945). Stalin. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/archive/murphy-jt/1945/stalin/index.htm

Naik, Abhijit. (n.d.). Timeline of Joseph Stalin. Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/timeline-of-joseph-stalin.html

Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved March 7, 2011, from http://oxforddictionaries.com/?attempted=true

Rigby, T. H. (1966). Stalin. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Stalin, J. (1939, August 19). Speech in the Politburo. Retrieved from http://www.letton.ch/lvstaldisc.htm

Strong, Anna Louise. (1941). Stalin. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/strong-anna-louise/1941/x01/stalin.htm

Wood, A. (2005). Stalin and Stalinism. New York, NY: Routledge.

People of the Romantic Period

• Romanticism Movement called Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress)
• Goethe
• Faust
• Schiller
• Poets
• Coleridge
• William Wordsworth
• William Blake
• Robert Burns
• Sir Walter
• Percy Shelley
• Lord Byron
• John Keats
• Feminism
• Mary Shelley- Frankenstein
• Emily Bronte- Wuthering Heights
• Literature
• Victor Hugo- France
• Alexander Pushkin- Russia
• Ralph Waldo Emerson- US
• Henry David Thoreau- US
• Edgar Allen Poe- US
• Nathaniel Hawthorne- US- The Marble Fawn
• Herman Melville- US- Billy Budd
• Art and Music
• John Constable- painter- England
• J.M.W. Turner- painter- England
• Eugene Delacroix- painter- France- Liberty Leading the People
• Theodore Gericault- painter- France- The Raft of the Medusa
• Ludwig van Beethoven- composer- invents the modern symphonic form
• Johannes Brahms- composer
• Franz Schubert- composer
• Franz Liszt- composer
• Chopin- composer
• Niccolo Paganini- composer

Second Draft of Outline for Term Paper

Thesis: Although Stalin protected Russia by fending off the Nazis, he was an extremely oppressive leader in Russia’s history in the sense that he killed three million Russian people and caused their suffering for many years, which is why Stalin was ultimately more harmful to Russia than beneficial.


Definitions:

• Stalinism: "The form of Marxism associated with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.Stalinism emphasizes the repression of all dissent, often by brutalmeans; a rigid adherence to government management of economiclife; and the domination of all communist movements worldwide by the Soviet Union. In holding to these beliefs, Stalin opposed Leon Trotsky." (American Heritage Dictionary)
• Trotskyism: "The doctrines of the twentieth-century Russian political leader Leon Trotsky, who believed that communism should depend on thecooperation of the proletariats of all nations rather than ondomination by the Soviet Union. Trotsky's ideas were opposed byJoseph Stalin, the Soviet premier, who sent Trotsky into exile, madehim a nonperson, and eventually had him assassinated." (American Heritage Dictionary)
• Leninism:"The form of communism as taught by Lenin,  with emphasis on the dictatorship of the proletariat." (American Heritage Dictionary)
• Communism:"An economic and social system envisioned by the nineteenth-century German scholar Karl Marx. In theory, under communism, allmeans of production are owned in common, rather than by individuals. In practice, asingle authoritarian party controls both the political and economic systems. In the twentieth century, communism was associated withthe economic and political systems of China and the Soviet Union and of the satellites of the Soviet Union." (American Heritage Dictionary)
• Anarchism: "Belief in the abolition of all government and the organization of society on a voluntary, cooperative basis without recourse to force or compulsion." (Oxford Dictionary)
• Socialism:"An economic system in which the production and distribution of goods are controlled substantially by the government rather than by private enterprise, and in which cooperation rather than competitionguides economic activity. There are many varieties of socialism.Some socialists tolerate capitalism, as long as the governmentmaintains the dominant influence over the economy; others insiston an abolition of private enterprise. All communists are socialists,but not all socialists are communists." (American Heritage Dictionary)
• Bolshevism: "The doctrines, methods, or procedure of the Bolsheviks; the principles or practices of ultra-radical socialists or political ultra-radicals generally." (Oxford Dictionary)
• Marxism:"The doctrines of Karl Marx and his associate Friedrich Engels on economics, politics, and society. They include the notion ofeconomic determinism — that political and social structures aredetermined by the economic conditions of people. Marxism calls fora classless society in which all means of production are commonly owned, a system to be reached as an inevitableresult of the struggle between the leaders of capitalism and the workers." (American Heritage Dictionary)
• Liberalism:"In the twentieth century, a viewpoint or ideology associated withfree political institutions and religious toleration, as well as supportfor a strong role of government in regulating capitalism andconstructing the welfare state." (American Heritage Dictionary)

Sources: For primary sources, so far, I have found biographies on Stalin, letters, pictures, speeches, and telegrams from the time period of his rule.  For secondary sources, so far, I have found timelines of Stalin's life as well as various articles about Stalin from the New York Times.  I also used the American Heritage and Oxford Dictionaries.

1. Background on Stalin's early life
1. Joseph Stalin was born on December 21, 1879 in Gori, Georgia.
2. He entered a seminary, but was expelled for rebellion and decided to become a Marxist.
1. Stalin said, "The whole atmosphere round me was saturated with hatred of Tsarist oppression, and I threw myself whole-heartedly into revolutionary work" (J.T. Murphy)
2. Stalin's influence in Russia from 1917-1921
1. Stalin's part in the Russian Revolution
2. Stalin's part in the Russian Civil War
1. "He dreamed of the electrification of all Russia, and began to make it come true in the midst of the famine and desolation of the years of civil war" (J. T. Murphy).
2. "The Civil war began in Russia. Stalin commanded the forces in Tsaritsyn and St. Petersburg" (Abhijit Naik).
3. Stalin's part in the Polish-Soviet War
3. Stalin's ascension to leadership in Russia
1. Stalin's position as General Secretary of the Communist Party
1. "On Lenin’s motion, the Plenum of the Central Committee, on April 3, 1922, elected Stalin, Lenin’s faithful disciple and associate, General Secretary of the Central Committee, a post at which he has remained ever since" (Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute).
2. Stalin continued to gain more and more power over time.
4. Stalin's major alterations of Soviet society
1. Increase of secret service in the Soviet Union
2. Stalin created a "cult of personality" around himself in order to make himself seem like a hero to the public.
1. "In the years since the Constitutional Congress, Stalin’s own personality began to be more widely known. His picture and slogans became so prominent in the Soviet Union that foreigners found this “idolatry” forced and insincere" (Anna Louise Strong).
3. Stalin executed thousands of innocent Russian people who opposed his regime.
4. Stalin deported thousands of people out of Russia greatly shifting the demographics.
5. There were huge famines during Stalin's rule.
6. All aspects of culture, such as science and art, were controlled by Stalin.
5. In 1939, Stalin entered into a pact with Hitler.
1. The treaty divided Eastern Europe into areas where German and Soviet influence was prevalent.
2. Hitler dissolved the pact in 1941.
3. German forces attack Russia, but Russia is able to push the troops back.
4. In 1945, Russian troops officially defeated the German troops.
6. Stalin was in power until 1953 when he died.
1. Stalin's ruling tactics were extremely harmful and devastating to Russian society.
2. He caused there to be much struggle in the country for many years.

Sources:

American Heritage Dictionary. Retrieved March 7, 2011, from 
http://dictionary.reference.com/help/ahd4.html


Foster, William Z. (1939). Lenin and Stalin as Mass Leaders. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/archive/foster/1939/12/stalin.htm


Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute, Initials. (1947). Stalin. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/biographies/1947/stalin/07.htm


Murphy, J. T. (1945). Stalin. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/archive/murphy-jt/1945/stalin/index.htm


Naik, Abhijit. (n.d.). Timeline of Joseph Stalin. Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/timeline-of-joseph-stalin.html


Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved March 7, 2011, from http://oxforddictionaries.com/?attempted=true


Strong, Anna Louise. (1941). Stalin. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/strong-anna-louise/1941/x01/stalin.htm