Restoration England Notes

1. The Stuart line was being restored after Cromwell
• Cromwell died
• His son tries to claim power and was not a strong leader
2. Charles I is executed and Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England
3. Cromwell dies and Charles II is brought of exile
• Charles II is restored to the throne
4. Cromwell called himself a seeker
• He wanted God's destiny for himself and his country
5. Cromwell sensed that God had a special service for him
6. He went to war as a complete novice
7. He had an aura of invincibility
8. Charles was an imperishable martyr
9. Charles II was waiting for his call from exile in France
10. Cromwell led the New Model Army
11. Oliver got a degree in law at Oxford
12. Cromwell murdered 3,000 royalist soldiers
13. Cromwell treated Ireland like a primitive colony
14. Charles II was invited to be Ireland's king
15. Charles II ran away after a battle until he could be smuggled out of the country
16. When Cromwell came back to London he was an English Caesar
17. Cromwell turned Great Britain into a republic
18. Parliament and Cromwell were against each other.  Cromwell accused Parliament of being unjust
• He called in the musketeers and Parliament was shut down
19. Cromwell could have ceased power but he wasn't working for himself he was working for God
20. Cromwell was king in all but name
21. His hope was for a settling
22. He did not know which direction to take the country
23. Cromwell let his major generals go to work
24. Jews were allowed to live and worship freely
25. Cromwell could never feel worthy
• This is what saved England from a dictatorship
26. September 3, 1668: Cromwell died
27. Cromwell wanted a quiet life for everyone in England
28. George Monk: a royalist in the civil war
• Knew that the only person who could take Cromwell's place was a new king
29. Charles II came to the throne because Cromwell needed a successor
30. People were joyful for Charles II's return
31. January 30, 1661: Cromwell and the tyrannicides were taken from their tombs and hanged, drawn, and quartered
32. 1664, a comet appeared in the sky
• Most people thought the apocalypse was coming
• The bubonic plague soon followed
• 1/6 of the population perished
33. Fire of London
• 1666
• A fire started in a bakery
• Spread through the streets
• 10,000 houses burned at once

Test Results

51 Correct
50/50

Test part 2

48.  Henry the Navigator

49.  Christopher Columbus

50.  Colombian Exchange

51.  Religion

52.  Mercantilism

53.  Joint-stock company

54.  Catholicism

55.  False

56. 

57.  East India Trading Company

58.  no

59.  Johann Sebastian Bach

60.  Middle class

61.  House of Commons

62.  Anglican

63.  Stuart

64.  Presbyterian

65.  1603-1625

66.  Divine Right of Kings

67.  Puritan

68.  Petition of Rights

69.  William Laud

70.  Scotland

71.  Cavaliers

72.  Roundheads

73.  Oliver Cromwell

74. 

75.  Lord Protector

76.  Puritans

77.  Thomas Wentworth

78. 

79.  Thomas Hobbes

Test

1. Martin Luther
2. 95 Theses
3. Habsburg
4. Versailles Chapel
5. Freebie: October 31, 1517
6. faith
7. the Bible
8. Catholic Hierarchy
9. the king
10. true
11. German nobility
12. Anglican
13. Catholicism
14. Peace of Augsburg
15. Luther was a religious revolutionary because he helped spark the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses.
16. Luther was a political conservative because he believed that people should follow their king even if he was unjust.
17. John Calvin
18. London, England
19. freebie: Luther
20. Huguenots
21. Henry VIII
22. Elizabeth I
23. Anabaptists
24. Pope Julius I
25. Council of Trent
26. False
27. Jerusalem Bible
28. Loyola
29. help the poor
30. 16th Century
31. Michelangelo
32. Phillip
33. Spanish Armada
34. St. Batholomew's Day Massacre
35. Edict of Nantes
36. 300
37. Peace of Augsburg
38. Protestant Union
39. Catholic League
40. Catholic
41. Catholic
42. Catholic League: Ferdinand II; Protestant Union: Frederick II
43. Gustavus Adolphus
44. Peace of Westphalia
45. Alsace
46. Germany
47. France
48. 
    

Stuart England Notes

1. Puritans
• Declared war against any signs of Romanism in the Church
• People who didn't believe the same thing had their ears cut off.
2. The British Wars began in 1637
3. Parliament gathered again by James I of England
• Lasted only 3 weeks
4. Thomas Wentworth
• Earl of Stratford
• He was beheaded
• Charles was forced to abandon Thomas and allow this to happen
5. British Civil War
• Parliament was defeated
6. In 1643 an alliance was created between Parliament and the Scots
7. Charles was incapable of being a constitutional king
8. Oliver Cromwell
• 1644-1645 made a new kind of army
• Used discipline in exchange for food and supplies
• Oliver decided that king would have to die in order for the country to heal
• The trial and execution of Charles I creates modern Britain
9.  James I comes from Scotland and becomes King after Queen Elizabeth I (1603)
• A believer in the divine right of kings
• Power came directly from God
• Fought with Parliament: particularly puritan members
• Preferred the hierarchy of bishops in the Anglican church
• When he dies his son becomes king Charles I (1625)
10. Charles I
• Against Puritans
• In 1628, signs the Petition of Rights in return for money
• No one should be compelled to pay a tax or loan that is not approved by Parliament
• No one can be put into prison without the due process of law
11. Religion in the 17th century was an essential issue
• William Laud wants to turn the Church of England into a Catholic Church that doesn't follow the Pope
• The Puritans want no hierarchy or hints of Catholicism
12. In 1639, Laud tries to impose the English book of prayer onto the Scottish Presbyterians
• Caused the Prayer Book Riot
• The Scots determined that no Englishman was going to tell them what to do so they put together an army and occupied southern England
• Charles needed to raise money for this war
13. 1640-1648 Long Parliament
• Charles recalls Parliament back into session
• Causes a constitutional and religious crisis
• Parliament goes out of its way to try to undermine what they see as tyranny under Charles I
• They execute William Laud and create laws limiting the power of the King
14. The Puritans declared war against signs of Romanism in the church. 
15. Nobody noticed that Charles was married to a Catholic.
16.  William Laud was made archbishop of Canterbury in 1633. 
17. Laud was presenting his program as an order
18. If people tried to defy him, then they had to suffer the consequences. 
19. By the mid 1630's Charles could see no obstacle in his way of making the 3 kingdoms in harmony. 
20. Charles was Scottish. 
21. Charles had become Scotland's very first absentee king and there would be a price to pay. 
22. He believed that if one kingdom had bent to his will then the others would as well. 
23. The British wars began on July 23, 1637 in Edinburgh. 
24. People were angry with the prayer book that Charles had introduced. 
25. Missiles were fired. The targets were the dean and bishop of the cathedral.
26. The Prayer Book riots were just the fuse.   
27. British Wars began in 1637
28. Parliament gathered again by James I of England.
29. Covenant (the Scottish)
• Document which subjects signed
• Determines who was and wasn't Christian
• Charles thought they should all be punished. 
• Signed a truce to try to prevent war with the Scottish 
30. The 1640 parliament picked up exactly where it left off in 1629 when Charles had put it down. 
31. This parliament lasted only 3 weeks before Charles once again suspended it. 
32. Thomas Wentworth 
• Was made Earl of Stratford by Charles
• Wentworth was Catholic and led a Catholic army. 
33. The fighting with the Scots was  a disaster.  
34. Charles needed cash fast to recover. 
35. He had to reopen parliament. 
36. The people wanted parliament to be elected every 3 years, no parliament could be dissolved without it's own consent, and no taxes could be made without approval by parliament. 
37. When Charles agreed it was the end of the absolute monarchy. Or was it?
38. Charles needed to kill Stratford to save himself from upheaval. 
39. Stratford understood this.  He was beheaded in order to save Charles. 
40. With Stratford executed Irish Catholics felt unprotected against Protestant reprisals. 
41. They attacked first to avoid being attacked. 
42. Both sides were moving fast past any point of reconciliation. 
English Civil War
43. During the spring and summer of 1642 people had to decide which side to take in the war and how to justify their decision. 
44. By the time the royalist army arrived at hill their prospects had grown. 
45. The royalists were commanded by Prince Rupert. 
46. Roundheads = English middle class
• Merchants that need to make sure they won't lose what they have. 
47. Cavaliers = nobility and peasantry 
• Peasants sided with nobles because they would always be peasants and they had nothing to lose except their employers (the nobles). 
48. Oliver Cromwell
• 1644-1645 made a new kind of army
• used discipline in exchange for food and supplies. 
• defeated the royal army. 
• Charles still didn't want to share power after the war was over. 
• tried to reverse his defeat and turn other parties (Scots, Parliament, military) against each other. 
• Cromwell knew that Charles needed to die. 
49. A second civil war began. 
• Cromwell's supporters had no desire to go back to lords and gentlemen.
50. The trial and execution of Charles I in a sense creates modern Britain. 
51. 1649: Charles is executed. 
Review
52. 1603: the end of the Tudor line and beginning of the Stuart line. 
53. James believed in the Divine right of Kings. 
• power in the monarchy came directly from God.
54. James fought with parliament, especially the Puritan members. 
55. James preferred the hierarchy of bishops that continued in the Anglican Church. He needed the hierarchy of bishops to maintain control over England. 
56. When James I dies, his son, Charles I, becomes king.
57. Like his father, he believes in the Divine Right of King, needs money, supports Anglican Church, and is against Puritans. 
58. In 1628 Charles signs the Petition of Rights. 
• No one should be compelled to pay any tax or loan without the consent of parliament. 
• No one can be put into prison without the due process of law. 
59. Signs it in return for money.
60. William Laud (Archbishop of Canterbury) wants to turn Church of England into a non-papal Catholic Church. 
61. Laud wants the Bishopry and hierarchy of the Catholic Church, but he doesn't want the pope. 
62. In 1639 Laud tries to impose the English book of prayer onto the Scottish Presbyterians.
63. Called the Prayer Book Riot
64. Scottish didn't appreciate that, and a war starts. 
65. Charles needs funding for this war.
66. 1640-1648 we have the Long Parliament.
• Charles reluctantly calls parliament back into session. 
• This causes a constitutional and religious crisis.  
• Tries to undo  Charles' royal tyranny
• Executes William Laud
• Makes laws to limit royal power.

DBQ Format Quiz

1. What is the range of scores for a DBQ?
1. 0-9
2. If a DBQ answer does not have a thesis statement, what is the highest score you can get?
1. 6
3. If you have 12 documents, what is the bare minimum of documents you must cite in your DBQ?
1. 7
4. Explain what bias is.
1. Bias is how a document may be influenced by certain views.
5. Explain what groupings mean.
1. Groupings mean
6. What would a citation look like for Document 5?
1. (Document 5)

Exploration Notes

1. Prince Henry the Navigator
2. Bartholomew Diaz
3. Vasco da Gama
4. Pedro Cabral
5. Christopher Columbus
6. Hernando Cortes
7. Francisco Pizarro
8. Trading Posts
• Goa (Port in India)
• Malacca
• Macao

Thirty Years War Notes

1. In 1618 war broke out between the Protestant Union and Catholic League
2. 1618-1625: Bohemian Phase
• Ferdinand II (Catholic) vs. Frederick V (Protestants)
• Ferdinand wins
3. 1625-1629: Danish Phase
• King Christian IV of Denmark with the support of the Dutch and English intervened to support the Protestants
• Dutch were the Calvinists.  They lived in the northern part of the Netherlands.  Catholics lived in the south.  Spain supported them.
• Albert Wallenstein was against Christian IV of Denmark
• Albert Wallenstein is in charge of the Holy Roman Empire's armies
• On the Catholic side
• Wallenstein destroys the Protestant forces
• Ferdinand issues the Edict of Restitution
• Restores property to any and all Catholics
4. The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635
• The Protestants have lost two rounds to the Catholics
• Their Dutch allies and French allies turn to Gustavus Adolphus
• King of Sweden
• Defeats Wallenstein's forces (Catholics) in a series of battles
5. The French Phase: 1635-1648
• Gustavus Adolphus dies and when he dies France sees that the Protestants really need reinforcement
• Now the French, Dutch, and Swedish along with the Protestants are against the Catholics
• Peace of Westphalia (1648)
• All of the parties involved sent diplomats to meet and come to a conclusion
• Provisions of the treaty
• Each of the individual principalities in the Holy Roman Empire in Germany was given the right to make its own peace treaties and its own diplomacy with other countries
• The rulers were allowed to establish religion in their own areas; Calvinism is accepted
• The independence of the Dutch republic and the neutrality of Switzerland are recognized
• Switzerland is neutral and will not go to war because they were beat so bad and devastated by the Thirty Years War
6. The French annexed part of Alsace
7. Consequences of Thirty Years War
• Germany was devastated
• As many as 1/3 of the German people were killed
• The Treaty of Westphalia does nothing to unify Germany
• Germany remains an amalgamation of principalities
• If there was a winner, it would be France
• France will be the dominant power in Europe for a long time after this
8. In 1618 war breaks out between the Protestant Union and Catholic League
• Holy Roman Empire is split in 2 between Catholics and Protestants.
9. Phases of the 30 Years War
10. 1618-1625: Bohemian Phase
• This began as a civil war between Catholics and Protestants in the region of Bohemia in Germany. 
• Catholic were led by Ferdinand II
• Protestants were led by Frederick IV
• Catholic forces win.
• Catholics and Habsburgs take control over Bohemia. 
11. 1625-1629: Danish Phase
• King Christian IV of Denmark (Lutheran) with the support of Dutch and English intervened to support the Protestants. 
• Dutch were the Calvinists. They lived in the northern part of the Netherlands. Catholics lived in the south. Spain supported them.
• Christian IV of Denmark vs. Albert Wallenstein (Catholic) 
• Wallenstein was the general in charge of the Holy Roman Empire's armies. 
•  Wallenstein destroys the Protestant forces. 
• Catholics are 2:0
• Ferdinand issues the Edict of Restitution 
• This restores to the Catholics any property that they had lost to the Protestants up to that point. 
12. 1630-1635: Swedish Phase
• Protestants have lost 2 rounds to the Catholics. 
• Protestants, Dutch allies, and French allies turn to Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden. 
• He is charismatic, big and bold, and brash. 
• Adolphus defeats Wallenstein's forces (Catholics)
• He does this in a series of battles that cause the Catholics to not be able to become unified. 
13. 1635-1648: French Phase
• Gustavus Adolphus dies.  
• France sees that the Protestants need reinforcements now because they no longer have the Swedish.
• Now the French, Dutch, leftover Swedes, and Protestants are against the Catholic Germans. 
• Peace of Westphalia (1648)
• All of the parties involved send diplomats to bring the war to a conclusion.
• Provisions of the treaty:
• 1. Each of the independent German principalities of the Holy Roman Empire was given the right to have it's own peace treaties and its own diplomacy with other countries. 
• 2. Rulers were allowed to establish religion in their own areas and Calvinism was accepted. 
• 3. The independence of the Dutch Republic is formally recognized. The neutrality of Switzerland is formally recognized, which continues to this day. This is written into their constitution and this is why they did not take part in WWII. 
• The Swiss wrote this in because they were beaten so badly during the 30 Years War. 
• The French annexed part of Alsace. 
14. No side won the 30 Years War. 
15. The treaties and boundaries that were set-up basically construct what we know as modern Europe. 
16. Consequences of the 30 Years War
• Germany was devastated. 
• As many as 1/3 of the German people were killed. 
• The Treaty of Westphalia does nothing to unify Germany.
• If there was a winner, it would be France.
• France will be the dominant power in Europe for a long time after this.
17. The Vatican basically uses the largest Catholic countries during this time period as pawns for their war against the Protestants.

17th Century Europe Notes

1. Spain 17th Century
• The Wars of King Phillip the Second
• King Charles the V gave up the throne in mid 16th century
• He gave many territories in Austria and Hungary to his brother Ferdinand
• He left his son, Phillip, Spain, Netherlands, and many other countries in Europe (western countries)
• Phillip II now king of Spain wants to enlarge the power and prestige of Spain
• He is catholic
• He has a plan to defeat the Ottoman Turks
• The Ottomans were the controlling family in Turkey
• He battles the Turkish forces in the battle of Lepanto in 1571
• Spanish defeat the Turks in this battle
• This is really the battle that gives Philip lots of prestige as a Catholic warrior
• Phillip II came to the throne when Spain was in control of the Netherlands
• So it was under Catholic control
• Phillip coming to power, imposed the inquisition over all of Spain including the Netherlands
• Basically an attempt by Catholic church to run out heretics and convert Jews and Protestants
• They did this by force, threat, torture, and execution
• When the inquisition was imposed there were many rebellions and protests
• The Duke of Alva was sent out by Phillip with 20,000 troops and they rounded people up in the Netherlands to be executed
• This caused the Netherlands people to revolt against Phillip and all of Spain
• The of Duke of Alva's action resulted in people protesting and becoming Calvinists in protest against Phillip instead of becoming Catholic
• Phillip saw that the Duke's tactics weren't working
• So he sent out the Duke of Parma
• He was more of a diplomat
• He smoothed over the situation
• He settles down the revolts in the Netherlands
• But he couldn't convince everybody
• 1581: the Dutch formally declared independence from the Spanish occupation
• 1581-1609 war occurs in Netherlands
• Netherlands basically splits in two, north is Calvinists; the south is Catholics
• The north breaks away from Spain (the Dutch), the south sticks with Spain
• Then England sees what the Spanish are doing and they are worried about Spain invading England
• So the queen openly helps the Dutch, she gives them money, troops, and lets privateers raid and attack Spanish ships
• Phillip is absolutely outraged by the English getting involved so he organizes the Armada to go against England
• The armada is a great fleet of ships
• Phillip wants to take over England, kill Elizabeth I, make himself king, and make England Catholic
• The Armada consisted of 130 ships, only 67 make it back to Spain
• The English navy completely dominates the Spanish
• The English have smaller, lighter ships and are able to dominate Spain who encounters bad weather, the Spanish ships aren't used to that bad weather, the English are
• Half of the Spanish navy was taken down in ONE battle
• HUGE REPRECUSSIONS FOR SPAIN
• THE SPANISH NEVER RECOVER FROM THIS, NEVER
• This begins a long decline for Spain's power and influence
• THE SPANISH'S POWER DECLINES WHILE THE ENGLISH'S PRESTIGE RISES
• This was in the 1580s (the Armada)
2. The 17th century is a great time to be Dutch
• The Dutch were able to strive because Spain had been beaten by England
• Since Spain lost, this leaves room for England to take over colonization in the New World
• England gained all the better areas in colonization
• The Northeast of America was timberland and it was really useful to the English
3. France
• There was an alliance between the French royalty and the Pope
• In 1516: it was made official with the Concordat of Bologna
• The Pope says that France gets to have its own French bishops
• It meant that the French would have a huge say in things in the Catholic Church
• This was beneficial for the Pope and for the French King
• There were Huguenots in France which were Calvinists or Protestants
• 1/10 of the population in France was Huguenots
• 2/5 and 1/2 of the French nobility became Huguenots
• They may have done this because in Germany (to the east) the Protestant Reformation was going on
• Religion and politics were huge during the reformation era
• 1572: St. Bartholomew's day Massacre
• Charles the IX's mother was Katherine de Medici from Italy
• With the support of the Medici family, the ST. Bartholomew's day Massacre was carried out
• Thousands of Huguenots had come to Paris for the wedding of Henry Navarre and Margaret of Valwa
• The followers of Henry and then the Huguenots were ambushed by the Catholic people and Charles and The Catholic Church
• Over 20,000 Huguenots died from this event
• This starts a civil war in France which lasts 15 years between Catholics and Huguenots
• This civil war destroys French trade, agricultural trade, and the French come to realize that if they don’t end it then France itself will fall
• During the War, a French Huguenot, Henry Navarre, rises up and becomes the leader of one of the houses of nobility, the House of Bourbon which is a Huguenot house of nobility
• House of Bourbon was the leading Huguenot house of nobility
• 1598: Henry becomes king and issues the order of Nantes
• He realizes he is in religious hot water here
• So he converts to Catholicism
• Henry Navarre is a great politician, but issues this order that allowed for the free practice of Calvinism
• Henry literally saves France
4. Holy Roman Empire
• Covered much of today's Germany and Italy and Austria
• It was made up of principalities
• Comprised of about 300 independent principalities
• 1555: Peace Treaty called Peace of Augsburg (this mainly occurred in the Germany part though)
• The treaty gives the right to each individual prince, the right to determine the religion of its principality
• Catholic and Lutheran were the only religions that the principalities' prince could choose to be
• They set up a structural situation where the thirty years war is going to develop
• IT ONLY ALLOWED FOR CATHOLICS AND LUTHERANS, CALVINISTS WEREN'T ALLOWED
• Because of this there are many unions made
• 1608: Protestant Union is formed
• 1609: the Catholic League is formed
• During this time the Protestants had made lots of gains in Austria
• The biggest dynasty was a Catholic family though

The Early Stuarts and the English Civil War Notes

1. In 1603 England and Scotland would come together
2. James Stuart was James VI of Scotland
• He becomes king of England and is James I of England
3.  England and Scotland tore each other apart
4. In the end there would be a united Britain, but not a united kingdom, a united republic
5. Charles I is the son of James VI of Scotland/I of England
6. The British Wars
• Civil wars were the wars of ideas
7. In the 17th century there is a new era of limiting the king
8. http://www.britainexpress.com/History/Early_Stuarts_and_the_Civil_War.htm
• James I
• The Gunpowder Plot
• Guy Fawkes
• The Rise of the Puritans
• The Puritans did not get along with James
• James believed they were too radical
• The King James Bible
• 17th Century translation of the Bible into English
• Still used by many Protestants
• High points of English literature in the 17th Century
• Charles I
• The son of James I
• An absolutist
• Fought with Parliament over the right to levy taxes
• Parliament responded with the Petition of Right in 1628
• Ship Money
• A tax that applied to ports throughout the country
• Parliament is dissolved and reinstated
• Civil War
• Parliament was making demands that the king refused to meet
• The nobility and the peasantry supported the king, but the middle class was against him
• The middle class was against him because they could stand to lose or gain money based on their business skills
• They will never be part of the nobility, but they could lose all their money and become peasants.
• The peasants can't become any lower than they are
• The nobles get their money from the king and the peasants depend on the nobles for money
• Roundheads
• Parliamentary troops
• Cavaliers
• The king's army
• Oliver Cromwell
• New Model Army
• Marston Moor
• The death of a king
9. The wars were the crucible of our modern history
10. Charles saw himself as the father of the nation
• He would listen to the people when he felt it necessary
11. Money triggered the countdown to the civil war
12. England declared war on Spain which used up much of their money
13. Charles wanted to be a Christian warrior
14. Henry Stuart was the older brother of Charles and he died young
• The first son of James I
• His little brother Charles I takes his place as king
15. King Charles dismissed Parliament
16. Charles was forced to call another Parliament because he ran out of money again
17. In 1603 England and Scotland came together. 
18. James Stuart was James VI of Scotland. When he becomes King of England he becomes James I of England. 
• James believes that there should be an absolute monarchy. This causes a strained relationship between him and Parliament. 
19. England and Scotland tore each other apart through civil wars. 
20. Charles I of England was the second son of James I. 
21. In the end there would be a united Britain, but not a united kingdom, a united republic. 
The British Wars
22. They were wars of ideas. 
23. Should people be governed by their own consent or by God?
24. http://www.britainexpress.com/History/Early_Stuarts_and_the_Civil_War.htm
25. The Gunpowder Plot
• Guy Fawkes
26. The Rise of the Puritans
• The Puritans did not get along with James
• James was Protestant, but he believed that they were too radical. 
27. The King James Bible
• 17th Century translation of the Bible into English
• Still used by many Protestants 
• High points of English literature in the 17th Century
28. Charles I
• Son of James I.
• Continues his fathers policies, as well as his father's harsh relationship with parliament. 
• Fought with Parliament over the right to levy taxes. 
• parliament responded with the Petition of Right in 1628. 
29. Ship Money
• a tax that previously applied only to ports.  
• In 1634, Charles attempted to levy "ship-money"
• Parliament is dissolved and reinstated. 
30. Civil War
• Parliament was making demands that the king refused to meet
• The nobility and the peasantry supported the king, but the middle class was against him. 
• The middle class was against him because they could stand to lose or gain money depending on their business
• They will never be part of the nobility, but they could lose all their money and become peasants. 
• The peasants can't become any lower than they are. 
• The peasants depend on the nobility for their survival, so they are on the nobles side. 
• Roundheads 
• Parliamentary troops
• supported by the middle class
• Cavaliers
• The King's army
• supported by nobility and peasantry 
• Oliver Cromwell
• New Model Army
31. Marston Moor
32. The death of a king
33. These wars were the crucible of our modern history. 
34. Charles believed that kings were little gods on earth. 
35. He would only listen to the people when he felt it was necessary
36. Money triggered the countdown to the civil war. 
37. England declared war on Spain which used up much of their money. 
38. Charles wanted to be a Christian warrior. 
39. Henry Stuart was the older brother of Charles and he died young. 
• The first son of James I
• His little brother Charles I takes his places as king. 
40. King Charles dismissed Parliament. 
41. Charles was forced to call another Parliament because he ran out of money again.