- Chapter 3: The Renaissance
- Roman Catholic Church: The Christian Church formally split in 1054 into the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Italy, and the Eastern Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople. It is the world's largest Christian Church with over a billion members of it. It's mission is to spread the gospel's word and that of Jesus Christ.
- Eastern Orthodox Church: The Christian Church formally split in 1054 into the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Italy, and the Eastern Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople.
- Crusades: A series of wars fought in a vain attempt to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims.
- Bubonic Plague (Black Death): A deadly disease that came from the Middle East to Europe in the 14th century that was caused by bacteria that lived on rats and wiped out 30% of the population.
- Gunpowder: Came about in Norway in 1250 A.D. and was made of coal and sulfur and was a big factor in warfare.
- Medici: An influential family in Florence that became rich from developing a bank. Giovanni Cosimo, and Lorenzo were all big patrons of the arts.
- Oligarchies: Committees of the wealthy and powerful that rule city states.
- Condottieri: Foreign mercenaries
- New monarchies: Provinces to the north that are larger and more powerful than city states.
- Humanism: A secular concept of life with a focus on the arts of the classis, rhetoric, and history.
- Renaissance man: A person who is well educated or who excels in a wide variety of subjects or fields.
- Virtu: Theorized by Niccolo Machiavelli, the martial spirit of a population or leader.
- Perspective: Created by Filippo Brunelleschi, an image as seen by the eye.
- Leonardo da Vinci: He was a painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer. He is considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time as well as one of the most diversely talented people of all time.
- Michelangelo: dissected cadavers to understand the human form better, and their knowledge was reflected in their art.
- Frescoes: works done by mixing color into wet plaster on a wall or ceiling.
- Madonnas: pictorial or sculptured representations of Mary, Mother of Jesus.
- Raphael Sanzio: An Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance
- Pietá: a subject of art depicting the Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus
- Filippo Brunelleschi: one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance
- Dante Alighieri: an Italian poet of the Middle Ages
- Francesco Petrarch: An Italian scholar, poet and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists
- Giovanni Boccaccio: an Italian author and poet, a friend, student, and correspondent of Petrarch, an important Renaissance humanist
- Baldassare Castiglioni: an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author
- Niccolo Machiavelli: an Italian philosopher and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance
- Christian humanists: the belief that human freedom and individualism are natural parts of Christian doctrine and practice
- New universities: the 1400s witnessed the founding of a number of Northern new universities, while no new ones were established in Italy
- Fugger: a historically prominent family of bankers
- Thomas More: an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist
- Desiderius Erasmus: a Dutch Renaissance humanist and a Catholic priest and theologian
- Mysticism: the pursuit of communion with, identity with, or conscious awareness of an ultimate reality, divinity, spiritual truth, or God through direct experience, intuition, instinct or insight.
- Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life: a Roman Catholic pietist religious community founded in the 14th century by Gerard Groote, formerly a successful and worldly educator who had had a religious experience and preached a life of simple devotion to Jesus Christ
- Flemish masters: created portraits in oils even before Michelangelo and da Vinci
- New monarchies (Tudors, Valois, Habsburgs): characterized 15th century European rulers who unified their respective nations, creating stable and centralized governments
- Star Chamber: an English court of law that sat at the royal Palace of Westminster until 1641
- Inquisition: one of several institutions which fought against heretics within the justice system of the Roman Catholic Church
- Holy Roman Empire: a realm that existed for about a millennium in Central Europe, ruled by a Holy Roman Emperor
Tuesday, November 2, 2010
AP European History Review
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