Tuesday, May 3, 2011

AP Test Practice 1 Results

38/80

Topics to Study

  • Artistic movements of Pablo Picasso
  • Policies of both Napoleon I and Peter the Great
  • Most influential Protestant reformer
  • Why the English explorers of the coast of North America were searching for a "northwest passage"
  • Characteristics of the 1920s
  • Biggest medical advancement of the 18th century
  • Napoleon's Continental System
  • War of Austrian Succession and Maria Theresa
  • Principles of laissez-faire
  • Country with tulip cultivation as a cash crop
  • Differences between Yugoslavia in the 1980s and in the 1960s
  • Benefits of the English Corn Laws
  • The art movement that reflected a world that no longer "made sense"
  • The Warsaw Pact
  • Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan
  • Differences between Mussolini and Hitler
  • Naturalism
  • Time periods that royal families came to power
  • How Frederick II of Prussia was an enlightened leader
  • Gains of the Seven Years War
  • Results of the Irish potato blight
  • Neo-Nazis and neo-fascists
  • European control of African countries
  • Main contribution of Zwingli
  • The writings of William Harvey
  • Definition of the scientific method
  • British Navigation Acts
  • Late 20th century ecumenical movement
  • Postwar similarities of WWI and WWII
  • Hitler's beer hall putsch in Munich
  • The Pretender
  • Thermidorean Reaction
  • Reasons Parliament could strengthen its power over the monarchy in England during the 18th century
  • Where Calvinism spread
  • Attitude of Russian civilians after WWII
  • First Russian leader to discuss Stalin's crimes
  • The Schlieffen Plan
  • Beliefs of the Society of Friends
  • Least important British gain by the settling of the War of Spanish Succession
  • Tycho Brahe's biggest contribution to astronomy
  • Reasons that the Frankfurt Assembly failed to unite Germany
  • Implications of the term realpolitik

Tuesday, April 26, 2011

World War II Notes

  • 1937 Germany
    • Nazi party rallies lead by Adolph Hitler
    • Hitler had been in power for 4 years, his troops were waging war in Europe
      • targeted civilians from the air
    • Germans fought along Franco's army to overthrow Spanish government
      • wanted to fight against Bolshevism
  • 1939
    • Franco was victorious
    • US and Britain failed to intervene
  • 1937 Britain
    • coronation of George VI
    • wanted to avoid future wars
  • 1936 Germany
    • meeting between Hitler and Lloyd George from Britain
    • Lloyd was very impressed with Hitler
      • he thought they did not have the desire to invade any other lands
  • 1939 US
    • US was coming out of the Great Depression
    • did not want to get involved in European problems
  • 1939 Germany
    • Nazis were strong
    • annexed Austria and seized land from Czechoslovakia
      • not much of a response from Western Europe
    • Germany is blossoming, people are working
    • industry is getting stronger
    • jobs come from industry which comes from the Nazi party
  • Germany and Russia sign a treaty that they will not take up arms against each other
    • they had an agreement to carve up easter Europe
  • Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939
  • 1939 Summer in Britain
    • Britain sent an ultimatum to Hitler to withdraw from Poland, but he did not respond
      • they went to war in response
  • Germany had conquered Poland, Warsaw was left in ruins
    • Hitler turned his attention to the west
  • Britain prepared for the worst
    • air raid drills were conducted in schools
    • the war seemed quiet at first
    • the things that they expected never came
    • people began to call it the Bore War/the Phony War
  • France 1940
    • German troops invaded
    • Denmark and Norway had fallen
    • British troops were retreating
    • the Blitzkreig consumed Europe
    • people were afraid of the troops
    • civilians abandoned their houses as refugees
    • French troops were taken prisoner by the German troops
    • the German troops lived the good life
    • by May, the French allies were defeated
    • the last of the British allies leave France
    • France is split into North and South
      • North is called Vichy
        • hotbed of the French resistance movement
        • fought against the Germans
  • Winston Churchill was the prime minister of England
    • lead them through the war
    • Britain created a new defense force with volunteers
  • London 1940
    • the bombings had begun
    • September 1940 and May 1941 was the time of heaviest bombing
    • the worst was over
    • the Blitz knocks out the infrastructure of British cities and terrorizes the city
  • Hitler is having trouble crushing Britain
    • Hitler decides against a land invasion
    • he decides to invade the Soviet Union
  • Bavaria, Germany 1941
    • he decided to break the non aggression act with Russia
    • he calls it Operation Barbarossa
    • troops began moving to the east
    • troops did not know what was going on
  • June 22, 1941
    • German troops crossed the border
    • over 3000 tanks attacked
    • the German advance was rapid around 40 miles a day
    • there is much tragedy on both sides
    • was as approaching central Russia
    • over 3 million Soviet soldiers were captured
    • German troops were allowed to kill prisoners of war
    • 600,000 Soviet prisoners of war were killed
    • Hitler visited the Eastern front
    • German tanks were approaching Moscow
    • there was fear of total collapse
  • Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
    • this is the reason the US entered WWII
    • anti-Japanese sentiment spread through the US
    • Roosevelt ordered that the Japanese Americans be detained in concentration camps
      • similar to ghettos rather than concentration camps
    • everyone's lives were changed by this total war
    • American convoys traveled to Europe
    • the US was supplying the industrial capacity for Britain even though they had not officially entered the war
      • this is why Hitler declares war on the US
  • Stalingrad, Russia
    • there was no surrender among the both sides of troops
    • around 600,000 dead/2,000,000 casualties
    • Soviet troops surrounded the city and Nazis were trapped inside
    • Nazis had better weapons, but there were more Soviets
    • this was the turning point of the war
  • there is a worldwide depression when Hitler comes to power
  • the King of England, Edward abdicated the throne because he fell in love with someone from Baltimore
  • Nazis gained enormous power between 1933-37
  • Hitler solidifies and centralizes power with himself
  • Reichstags Fire in Germany
    • Hitler takes emergency measures saying that Parliament is barred and he has full leadership control
    • he becomes the Fuhrer, or the leader
      • works on industrialization of the country
      • the entire republic is required to relate any benefit in their life to him
      • to be an enemy of the Fuhrer is to be an enemy of the Fuhrer
  • tanks are used in WWII
  • British government lead by Lloyd George appeases Germany
    • does not want to go to war because of the results of WWI
  • Franco comes to power in Spain and his plan is to crush the republicans in the country, the Spanish Civil War
    • republicans are backed by the rest of western Europe
    • US and England never formally declare war on Franco
    • English army never went into Spain
    • Fascists win the war and Franco takes power
  • Hitler annexes Austria in 1939
    • most Austrians were in favor of this
  • Hitler makes references to Jews in speeches, and calls them the problem in Mein Kampf
  • Hitler is anti-socialist
  • western European powers see that Hitler may not be the guy they thought he was
  • Hitler said that he would keep the German borders where they were, but he didn't
    • warnings say that Hitler is going to invade Poland
    • he takes Poland in one week
    • the Polish army was not prepared for this
  • Hitler creates the Hitler Youth in order to indoctrinate children in to the Nazi party
  • Stalin had killed around 5 million of his own people by the time of WWII
  • Erwin Rommel was put in charge of defending Nazi Europe from a British invasion
  • US troops wanted German civilians to see the concentration camps
    • the citizens said that they were blameless
  • Dachau
    • 30,000 prisoners were liberated
    • guards posed as prisoners as to not be punished
  • there were only 70,000 Jewish survivors in the camps
  • the Battle for Berlin was won for the Red Army in 1945
  • the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
    • over 40,000 people were killed from the bomb
    • people were severely wounded and even got cancer
    • it is unknown how many people died from these injuries
    • August 6, 1945
    • these was the result of the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor
    • the battle of Midway occurred
    • the atomic bomb was created and used in this bombing
  • April 12, 1945
    • Franklin Roosevelt died
    • he had brought them out of the economic depression
    • before he died he was laying the foundation for WWI in Yalta
    • Harry Truman becomes President
    • tensions begin between Soviet Union and US
      • has to do with Poland
        • Germany had invaded Poland in the beginning of the war
        • the US wanted a democracy in Poland
        • Russia wanted a government that would be a friend of Russia
      • in Japan, US bombers had been targeting cities
        • wiped out part of Tokyo
        • thought the war would be over by fall of 1945 because of all the bombings
        • few factories were left in Japan
        • Japan was helpless
        • Japanese politicians realized that their country could not hold on much longer
  • Nuremberg Trials
    • Nazis had to attest to their crimes
    • many Nazis chose suicide
    • charged for crimes against peace and humanity
    • to lay down a foundation for the future of European politics and world politics
    • laws and definitions surrounding genocide
  • Cuba had been a Spanish colony
    • Cuban Missile Crisis- nuclear missiles were being built up in Cuba by the Soviet and Cuban government
    • we were close to a nuclear war
    • the Soviets back down and the missiles are removed
    • there is still an embargo on Cuba- no goods can be sold to Cuba, and people are not allowed to visit Cuba
    • this occurred during Kennedy's presidency
  • Boris Pasternak
    • protested what was happening in the Soviet Union with Stalin
    • poet and novelist
    • anti-Soviet
    • wrote Doctor Zhivago
    • popularized Russian literature in the US
  • KGB- secret police in the Soviet Union
  • Nikita Khrushchev
    • led the Soviet Union during the Cold War
  • Perestroika
    • political movement with the Communist Party of the USSR
    • Soviet leader Gorbachev
    • restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system
    • Yeltsin took over after Gorbachev
      • his reign ended in a coups
      • the end of the Soviet Union
  • the Soviet Union was reorganized into the Russian Federation
    • all of the countries involved with the USSR became independent
    • fighting the Soviet-Afghan war at the end of the USSR
    • the US directly funded the Afghan troops, and then they turned on us
  • Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)
    • the foundation of the nuclear draw down movement between the Soviet Union and the US
  • Sputnik
    • spacecraft missions launched by the US
    • the US got behind so they made an investment in public education in math and science
  • Arab League
    • a regional organization of Arab states in North and Northeast Africa, and Southwest Asia
    • major player in the talks related to Palestine and Israel
    • politics surrounding oil production
  • Tito was the leader of Yugoslavia
    • extremely brutal
    • genocide broke out; Muslims were killed
  • Ghana- first former British colony in Africa to become independent
    • Post-Colonialism
  • Gandhi leads the independence movement in India
    • assassinated by Hindu nationalists
    • the death of Gandhi resulted in the Muslims moving north into Pakistan
  • Iran-Iraq War
    • Iran- Persian, Shiite Muslims
    • Iraq- Arabs, Sunni Muslims
    • Iraq does not want to be an Islamic state
  • after WWII there were moves of Jews out of Europe into Palestine
    • called the Zionist Movement
  • Margaret Thatcher
    • force in British politics through the 80s
    • anti-communist
    • force in the Cold War against the Soviet Union
  • Nelson Mandela
    • first South African President
    • fought against apartheid
    • whites made sure that blacks received terrible educations so they could not rise up against them
    • he was jailed for his works
    • after he was released he became president
  • Pervez Musharraf
    • Pakistani President
  • Solidarity
    • the movement in Poland to break from the Soviet Union
    • Lech Walesa- leader
    • Poland won against the Soviet Union

    Friday, April 15, 2011

    World War I DBQ

    World War I, " the Great War," involved all of the great powers of Europe and killed more than eight million soldiers.  Discuss the reasons which led to the rising international tensions that sparked World War I.


    World War I, which began in 1914, was the largest and greatest war that the world had ever seen up until this time period.  There were millions of soldiers killed along with millions of civilians.  This war took place between all of the major powers in Europe including, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, France, Britain, Italy, and Siberia.  These countries made up separate alliances of their own, in order to bring more power and make themselves stronger.  World War I was sparked by several different factors including the fact that the European countries were not unified, and there was no higher power that kept them unified, as well as the fact that there was extreme racism among the people, but the cause for tension that directly began World War I was the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Hungary, in Serbia by the Black Hand, an organization for the union of all Serbian people.


    By the time of World War I, Germany and Austria-Hungary were already in an alliance.  Serbia allied with France and Russia, which were majors powers during the time period.  Britain allied with France, Russia, and Serbia, and Italy allied with German and Austria-Hungary because of their connection with Austria-Hungary through the Church.  These were the major powers that fought during World War I.  "Should, contrary to their hope, and against the loyal desire of the two High Contracting Parties, one of the two Empires be attacked by Russia the High Contracting Parties are bound to come to the assistance one of the other with the whole war strength of their Empires, and accordingly only to conclude peace together and upon mutual agreement" (doc 1).  This excerpt was taken from the agreement between Austria-Hungary and Germany to be in an alliance, and to defend one another if one was attacked by Russia.


    The time period before World War I was filled with strife and fighting amongst the European countries.  This was because of the fact that the countries were not in anyway unified with each other.  "The states of Europe were like individuals living in a primeval state of nature marked by incessant strife between one and another.  They acknowledged no higher authority that might have forced them to keep the peace" (doc 5).  Each individual country wanted to be Europe's leading power, which caused much fighting and disagreement amongst the countries themselves.  The countries also fought amongst each other because of the fact that there was such racism in Europe.  Houston Stewart Chamberlain, an author during this time period, stated, "The races of mankind are markedly different in the nature and also in the extent of their gift" (doc 3).  This author clearly did not think that all men were created equally, and he could have had an influence on the thoughts of the people at this time.


    Franz Ferdinand was murdered in Siberia, causing the tension to spill over and beginning World War I.  In a letter from William II to Tsar Nicholas II states, "The unscrupulous agitation which has been going on for years in Servia, has lead to the revolting crime of which Archduke Franz Ferdinand has become a victim" (doc 8).  Franz Ferdinand was killed due to the anger and disagreement that has been ensuing between Serbia and Austria-Hungary.  Franz Ferdinand was killed by and organization called the Black Hand which worked for the unification of all Serbian people.  The laws of the Black Hand state, "This organization prefers terrorist action to intellectual propaganda, and for this reason it must remain absolutely secret" (doc 6).  The Black Hand believed that they were working for the common good of all Serbian people by assassinating Franz Ferdinand.  They did not realize that it would be the beginning of one of the largest wars to date.


    The assassination of Franz Ferdinand was the event that sparked World War I.  There were tensions already built up among these leading European powers, due to several reasons.  The racism in Europe and the disconnect among the countries were the things that lead up to the beginning of World War I, but Franz Ferdinand's death was the event that started it all.  It pushed Austria-Hungary over the edge, and they declared war on Serbia for the death of Franz Ferdinand primarily causing World War I.

    Tuesday, April 5, 2011

    Second Draft of Term Paper

    Joseph Stalin was the brutal leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1922 until his death in 1953.  He was a Communist ruler, who was responsible for the deaths of millions of Russian people.  He led the Soviet Union through World War II, in which he played a major role in defeating the German Nazi army.  Stalin executed or imprisoned anyone who opposed his regime, making him an extremely tyrannical leader.  “He took absolute control of nearly every aspect of Soviet life.  He dictated where people lived, who held political office, which movies were made, what books and newspapers were published, and what education Soviet children received” (Márquez, 2004).  Although Stalin protected Russia by fending off the Nazis, he was an extremely oppressive leader in Russia’s history in the sense that he killed three million Russian people and caused their suffering for many years, which is why Stalin was ultimately more harmful to Russia than beneficial.
                Joseph Stalin was born on December 18, 1878 in Gori, Georgia.  His parents, Vissarion and Ekaterina, were serfs when he was born.  His father later became a cobbler, and was prosperous for a short time.  Vissarion began to work at a shoe factory when his business as a cobbler had failed.  Stalin was a young child when his father left his home, never to be seen again by his family.  Ekaterina was forced to take small jobs in order to support her family of two.  Stalin had been beaten by both his mother and his father, which could attribute to the way he chose to run his regime once he became ruler.
    Stalin was the best student at his childhood school in Gori, but he would at times get into trouble.  He graduated from school in 1894, and his mother urged him to become a priest.  He entered the Tbilisi theological seminary at the wish of his mother.  Stalin was extremely dedicated to his studies while in the seminary and received excellent grades.  However, there were very strict rules in the seminary, and the things that Stalin could read were greatly limited.  Stalin himself commented on his experience in the seminary saying, “The whole atmosphere round me was saturated with hatred of Tsarist oppression, and I threw myself whole-heartedly into revolutionary work” (Murphy, 1945).  In order to act out against these rules, he created a secret socialist group within the seminary.  Stalin’s grades began to fail at the seminary, and he began to act out more and more.  He was eventually expelled from the seminary before his sixth and final year could begin because he failed to take the required exam that would advance him forward.  This is when he first chose to become a Marxist.  Stalin’s difficult early life and restrictive education are what led him to become the tyrannical leader that he was in the twentieth century.
    In 1917, the Russian Revolution took place in which the Bolsheviks, a Russian revolutionary group, rose up against the Russian government.  Stalin became a member of the committee for the Bolsheviks; they supported Lenin’s view of wanting to overthrow the government.  The Bolsheviks rebelled against the government, and the government fought back.  Lenin, being the leader, feared for his life during this time period.  Stalin’s major role in the Russian Revolution was convincing Lenin to run away to Finland in order to avoid being killed.  Stalin was portrayed, through books and pictures from that time period, as having a large and important role in the October and February Revolutions that made up the Russian Revolution; although he really did not even have a role.
    In 1918, the Russian Civil War broke out between Lenin’s Red Army and the White Army, an alliance of anti-Bolsheviks.  “The Civil War began in Russia.  Stalin commanded the forces in Tsaritsyn and St. Petersburg” (Naik).  Stalin killed thousands of people who opposed the revolution.  He also killed innocent people by burning down villages in order to scare people into cooperating with him.  Lenin was disappointed in Stalin for causing so many unnecessary deaths.  The Bolsheviks won the civil war in 1919.  “He [Stalin] dreamed of the electrification of all Russia, and began to make it come true in the midst of the famine and desolation of the years of civil war” (Murphy, 1945).  Stalin was beginning to become more powerful throughout this time period.  He still did not have a huge role in the Russian Civil War, but he was working his way up to the top.
    The Polish-Soviet War took place in 1920.  Stalin was determined to capture the Polish city of Lviv.  He refused to assist anyone else with their battles, and would only work towards gaining Lviv.  Stalin ended up losing the city of Lviv, and Trotsky lost the city of Warsaw because Stalin would not assist him in the battle.  Stalin was blamed for both of these losses, and resigned from his military position.  It was later agreed on by everyone involved that this war was a mistake, and it should have never happened.
    Stalin quickly rose to power once Lenin had appointed him to be General Secretary in 1922.  The Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute said:
    On Lenin’s motion, the Plenum of the Central Committee, on April 3, 1922, elected Stalin, Lenin’s faithful disciple and associate, General Secretary of the Central Committee, a post at which he has remained ever since (Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute, 1947). 
    Stalin was now able to appoint his own allies to have government positions.  In 1924, Lenin died, and Stalin could officially call himself the leader of the USSR.  Before Lenin died, he had a falling out with Stalin, and he criticized him in a letter to Congress saying, “Stalin, having become General Secretary, consolidated his immense power, and I’m not sure whether he will always care enough to use that power” (Lenin, 1924).  Stalin continued to gain more and more power throughout his time as leader, and before Lenin died, he feared that Stalin would not be able to handle such a great deal of responsibility.
                Joseph Stalin continued to rise in power, and “had eliminated all likely potential opposition to his leadership by late 1934” (Repression and Terror).  Stalin actually expelled people, such as Leon Trotsky and Lev Kamenev, who he thought threatened him, from the Communist party.  Stalin was the “unchallenged leader of both party and state” (Repression and Terror).  By 1939, Stalin had brought the public and the party to a state that was submissive to his rule.  The Soviet people were so fearful of Stalin that he no longer had to threaten them with mass arrests; he was the absolute dictator.  This was all that Stalin had ever wanted, and this was the highest point in Stalin’s long and oppressive rule over the Soviet Union.
                Stalin’s reign over the Soviet Union was comprised numerous major changes to Soviet society.  One of the largest changes to society was the tremendous increase in secret police throughout the Soviet Union.  The secret police group was in charge of arresting and executing all those who opposed Stalin’s regime.  They were also used to spy on the other members of the Communist party and oust those who went against Stalin’s reign of the Soviet Union.  According to the article, “Secret Police,” from the Library of Congress Web Site stated:
    Under party leader Joseph Stalin, the secret police again acquired vast punitive powers and in 1934 was renamed the People’s Comissariat for Internal Affairs, or NKVD.  No longer subject to party control or restricted law, the NKVD became a direct instrument of Stalin for use against the party and the country during the Great Terror of the 1930s (Secret Police).
    The secret police was the most powerful and the most feared change that Stalin had brought to society.  The NKVD led to the creation of the KGB, the secret police group after Stalin’s time of rule.  The secret police is the main example of the changes Stalin made to society and the way that he took his power to the extreme.
                Another one of the major changes that Stalin made to the society of the Soviet Union was his cult of personality.  Stalin was surrounded by people who promoted him and made him seem like such a great person.  In the book, Animal Farm, by George Orwell, Squealer was the assistant to the leader Napoleon.  Squealer was constantly speaking to the people and persuading them into believing that Napoleon was a strong and powerful leader, when he really was not.  Squealer was Napoleon’s cult of personality.  Without these people surrounding Stalin, people would have seen his weaknesses and not treated him with the respect that they gave him at the beginning of his reign.  Anna Louise Strong said:
    Stalin’s own personality began to be more widely known. His picture and slogans became so prominent in the Soviet Union that foreigners found this “idolatry” forced and insincere. Most Soviet folk of my acquaintance really do feel tremendous devotion to Stalin as the man who has built their country and led it to success. I have even known people to make a temporary change of residence just before election day in order to have the chance to vote for Stalin directly in the district where he was running, instead of for the less exciting candidate from their own district.
    Stalin was portrayed as this exciting new leader who would bring the country to greatness.  This was the job of his cult of personality.  Stalin used this to gain the support of the people and rise in power.  He then became the worst nightmare of the people as an absolute dictator, who controlled everything that went on in Soviet society.

    Friday, March 25, 2011

    Late 19th Century DBQ



    During the late 19th century major changes were occurring in Europe, that had to do with the constant class struggles that Marx talked so much about.  Figure 1 shows the poorest of the poor people, the proletariats, and how they so struggled to make a living and support their families.  Figure 2 shows the upper class bourgeois, who were in control of the factories and had no trouble supporting their families and making a living.  The late 19th century was the time period in which Karl Marx began to put his views to action through Marxism, which was a more extreme branch of socialism that advocated for the proletariats to rise up against the wealthy factory owners; thus, beginning the people's fight for their rights.

    The first image was most likely created by someone who was bias to towards the proletariats.  The proletariats was a term used by Marx in order to describe the poor factory workers.  The painter was showing the extremely poor quality of life that the factory workers had because they were put down by the bourgeois.  The bourgeois was a term used by Marx to describe the rich factory owners.  Marx believed that the factory workers could never move up from their position in society because the current system did not allow them to move up.  He believed that the proletariats should rise up against the rich factory owners, and destroy the current system.  The current economic system in place was capitalism.  Marx wrote Das Kapital, a critique of capitalism and a history of economics.  He was strongly against capitalism because it only allowed around two percent of people to be wealthy and extremely successful.  The rest of the people made up the poor and middle class.  The first image appears to show people riding on a train.  It is obvious that all of the bourgeois are sitting together in the train, and the proletariats are forced to ride alone in the back of the train.  This is just a simple example of how people were truly separated and unequal under capitalism.

    The second image was probably created by a painter who was bias towards the rich bourgeois.  It shows the wealthy factory owners strolling around on a street in France.  The people seem to be taking a leisurely walk on the street without a care in the world, while the proletariats are forced to work in the horrible conditions of the factories.  The people had absolutely no labor rights, and they were forced to work 14 hour days in order to support their families.  Children were also forced to work long hours.  Unionism was one of the groups rising up in Europe at this time.  They created labor unions that would protest for the rights of workers, usually peacefully.  Marx advocated for people to rise up and complete destroy the current economic system.  Marxism is a much more extreme version of unionism.  Marx would have most likely been outraged by the second painting because it shows how the wealthy the bourgeois were and how they had to do no work in order to make a living.  They stole the money that their workers made and used it for their own luxury.  These are the things that made Marx completely outraged against the factory owners.

    Marx wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848 along with Engels.  It described the beliefs of the communist party, and how the current economic system was just not sustainable for society.  This manifesto had no effect whatsoever on the revolutions of the time.  Something that had huge effects on the people of the time were works of art.  The paintings above would have been extremely influential on the people.  The first image exposed the life of the proletariats and the second image exposed the life of the bourgeois.

    The first image is a realist painting; it shows how things really looked during that time, and how the proletariats actually lived.  The second image is an impressionist painting; it shows the life of the bourgeois, but it does not show how life was actually like in France at that time.  It made life seem as if it was easy and luxurious for everyone, but it neglected to show the things that went on in factories and the living conditions of the poor factory workers.  The second image shows what life would have looked like to one of the rich factory owners because they only cared about their own luxurious lives.  They did not care about the lives of the poor factory workers that they were oppressing.  These two paintings show two very different scenes in the lives of people during the late 19th century, but they show that big changes were to come in society.

    Monday, March 21, 2011

    Rough Draft of Term Paper

    Joseph Stalin was the brutal leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1922 until his death in 1953.  He was a Communist ruler, who was responsible for the deaths of millions of Russian people.  He led the Soviet Union through World War II, in which he played a major role in defeating the German Nazi army.  Stalin executed or imprisoned anyone who opposed his regime, making him an extremely tyrannical leader.  “He took absolute control of nearly every aspect of Soviet life.  He dictated where people lived, who held political office, which movies were made, what books and newspapers were published, and what education Soviet children received” (Márquez, 2004).  Although Stalin protected Russia by fending off the Nazis, he was an extremely oppressive leader in Russia’s history in the sense that he killed three million Russian people and caused their suffering for many years, which is why Stalin was ultimately more harmful to Russia than beneficial.
                Joseph Stalin was born on December 18, 1878 in Gori, Georgia.  His parents, Vissarion and Ekaterina, were serfs when he was born.  His father later became a cobbler, and was prosperous for a short time.  Vissarion began to work at a shoe factory when his business as a cobbler had failed.  Stalin was a young child when his father left his home, never to be seen again by his family.  Ekaterina was forced to take small jobs in order to support her family of two.  Stalin had been beaten by both his mother and his father, which could attribute to the way he chose to run his regime once he became ruler.
    Stalin was the best student at his childhood school in Gori, but he would at times get into trouble.  He graduated from school in 1894, and his mother urged him to become a priest.  He entered the Tbilisi theological seminary at the wish of his mother.  Stalin was extremely dedicated to his studies while in the seminary and received excellent grades.  However, there were very strict rules in the seminary, and the things that Stalin could read were greatly limited.  Stalin himself commented on his experience in the seminary saying, “The whole atmosphere round me was saturated with hatred of Tsarist oppression, and I threw myself whole-heartedly into revolutionary work” (Murphy, 1945).  In order to act out against these rules, he created a secret socialist group within the seminary.  Stalin’s grades began to fail at the seminary, and he began to act out more and more.  He was eventually expelled from the seminary before his sixth and final year could begin because he failed to take the required exam that would advance him forward.  This is when he first chose to become a Marxist.  Stalin’s difficult early life and restrictive education are what led him to become the tyrannical leader that he was in the twentieth century.
    In 1917, the Russian Revolution took place in which the Bolsheviks, a Russian revolutionary group, rose up against the Russian government.  Stalin became a member of the committee for the Bolsheviks; they supported Lenin’s view of wanting to overthrow the government.  The Bolsheviks rebelled against the government, and the government fought back.  Lenin, being the leader, feared for his life during this time period.  Lenin’s major role in the Russian Revolution was convincing Lenin to run away to Finland in order to avoid being killed.  Stalin was portrayed, through books and pictures from that time period, as having a large and important role in the October and February Revolutions that made up the Russian Revolution; although he really did not even have a role.
    In 1918, the Russian Civil War broke out between Lenin’s Red Army and the White Army, an alliance of anti-Bolsheviks.  “The Civil War began in Russia.  Stalin commanded the forces in Tsaritsyn and St. Petersburg” (Naik).  Stalin killed thousands of people who opposed the revolution.  He also killed innocent people by burning down villages in order to scare people into cooperating with him.  Lenin was disappointed in Stalin for causing so many unnecessary deaths.  The Bolsheviks won the civil war in 1919.  “He [Stalin] dreamed of the electrification of all Russia, and began to make it come true in the midst of the famine and desolation of the years of civil war” (Murphy, 1945).  Stalin was beginning to become more powerful throughout this time period.  He still did not have a huge role in the Russian Civil War, but he was working his way up to the top.
    The Polish-Soviet War took place in 1920.  Stalin was determined to capture the Polish city of Lviv.  He refused to assist anyone else with their battles, and would only work towards gaining Lviv.  Stalin ended up losing the city of Lviv, and Trotsky lost the city of Warsaw because Stalin would not assist him in the battle.  Stalin was blamed for both of these losses, and resigned from his military position.  It was later agreed on by everyone involved that this war was a mistake, and it should have never happened.
    Stalin quickly rose to power once Lenin had appointed him to be General Secretary in 1922.  The Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute said:
    On Lenin’s motion, the Plenum of the Central Committee, on April 3, 1922, elected Stalin, Lenin’s faithful disciple and associate, General Secretary of the Central Committee, a post at which he has remained ever since (Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute, 1947). 
    Stalin was now able to appoint his own allies to have government positions.  In 1924, Lenin died, and Stalin could officially call himself the leader of the USSR.  Before Lenin died, he had a falling out with Stalin, and he criticized him in a letter to Congress saying, “Stalin, having become General Secretary, consolidated his immense power, and I’m not sure whether he will always care enough to use that power” (Lenin, 1924).  Stalin continued to gain more and more power throughout his time as leader, and before Lenin died, he feared that Stalin would not be able to handle such a great deal of responsibility.

    Friday, March 18, 2011

    Italian Unification FRQ

    Contrast Mazzini and Garibaldi's revolutionary views with those of revolutionaries in France.


    The fight for Italian unification was a huge ordeal in Italy's history; this is just like the French Revolution's impact on the French people.  Leading fighters in the process of Italian unification were Mazzini and Garibaldi.  Garibaldi shared the same views as Mazzini on the topic of Italian unification; they both believed that Italy should become a unified state.  The revolutionaries of the French Revolution were fighting for France to become an independent nation.  Mazzini and Garibaldi were important revolutionaries in Italian history due to the fact that they both took the view that Italy should become a unified, independent nation, which made them similar to the French revolutionaries who fought for France to become its own, unified, independent nation.


    Mazzini came before Garibaldi in Italian history, but he had a huge impact on the views of Garibaldi. Garibaldi believed, like Mazzini, that Italy should become a unified nation.  Parts of Italy were being ruled by foreign powers, and they were not able to work together.  Rome was one of the leading cities in Italy that did not want to become unified to the rest of Italy.  Rome was ruled by the pope and the Vatican; therefore, they did not want to give up some of their power in order to make Italy a unified nation.  Eventually, the power of the Vatican was lessened due to a vote by the people; this was one of the steps to Italy becoming a working nation.  Mazzini and Garibaldi were very important in Italy's battle for unity because they were such huge supporters of the unification itself.


    The revolutionaries during the French Revolution were fighting for France to become an independent nation.  The people were tired of their government, which caused them to protest and voice their opinions.  These protests eventually broke out into the French Revolution.  Thousands of lives were lost during the French Revolution, and it was an extremely devastating time for the French people.  These people fighting were showing their contempt for the government through their protesting, which eventually prevailed over the government's power.  France was a much stronger and unified nation after they had become independent, despite the devastation that they had endured through such a violent war.


    Within the case of Italian unification and the case of the French Revolution, the people were all fighting for a similar cause: independence and unity.  The people were fighting for their weak nation to become a stronger one.  The people knew that they would be much better off with their own government, but they were going to have to fight hard for it.  Mazzini and Garibaldi were the main leaders fighting for Italian unification, which makes them similar to the French revolutionaries who were fighting for their independence.  They all knew that they had to voice their opinions in order to create a change in their country.  Mazzini and Garibaldi knew that they needed to give the Italian people a voice in order to spark the reaction needed to produce Italy's unification.


    Italy's unification and the French Revolution are both huge benchmarks in the countries' histories. They brought about tremendous change, and made each country stronger as individuals.  Mazzini and Garibaldi were huge players in the fight for Italian unification, and without them Italy probably would not have been able to become unified.  The revolutionaries in France were the people who brought about such an enormous change in their country.  Without the people expressing their opinions and protesting, it would have been much more difficult for France to become an independent nation.  Italy and France were not fighting for the exact same thing, but they were still fighting for similar things: to make their nations stronger.

    Tuesday, March 15, 2011

    Age of Realpolitik Notes

    • Crimean War
      • Major cause: dispute between two groups of Christians over privileges in the Holy Land (Palestine)
        • 1852, Turks (who controlled Palestine) agreed to Napoleon III's demands to provide enclaves in the Holy Land for the protection of Roman Catholic religious orders.
    • Florence Nightingale
      • British nurse who became a pioneer in modern nursing
        • During the Crimean War more men died of disease rather than by combat wounds.
        • Nightingale's "Light Brigade" superbly tended to wounded men during the war, although fatalities due to disease remained high.
    • Second French Republic
      • Constitution: unicameral legislature (National Assembly); strong executive power; popularly elected president of the republic
      • Universal male suffrage
      • President Louis Napoleon: seen by voters as a symbol of stability and greatness
        • Dedicated to law and order, opposed to socialism and radicalism, and favored the conservative classes--the Church, army, property-owners, and business.
    • Second French Empire
      • Emperor Napoleon III: took control of gov't in coup d'etat (December 1851) and became emperor the following year
    • Emperor Napoleon III
    • Baron Georges von Haussmann
      • Infrastructure: railroads, canals, roads
    • Credit Mobilier
      • Banking: funded industrial and infrastructure growth
    • Syllabus of Errors
      • Pope Pius IX issued Syllabus of Errors (1864), condemning liberalism.
    • Italian Unification
      • After collapse of revolutions of 1848-49, unification movement in Italy shifted to Sardinia-Piedmont under King Victor Emmanuel, Count Cavour and Garibaldi
    • King Victor Emmanuel
    • Falloux Law
      • Louis Napoleon returned control of education to the Church (in return for its support)
        • Minimized influence of the Legislative Assembly
        • Supported policies favorable to the army
        • Disenfranchised many poor people from voting
        • Destroyed the democratic-socialist movement by jailing or exiling its leaders and closing down labor unions.
    • "Liberal Empire"
      • By initiating a series of reforms.
        • Napoleon III's rule provided a model for other political leaders in Europe.
          • Demonstrated how gov't could reconcile popular and conservative forces through authoritarian nationalism.
    • Count Cavour
      • Served as King Victor Emmanuel's prime minister between 1852 and 1861
        • Essentially a moderate nationalist and aristocratic liberal
      • Replaced the earlier failed unification revolutionaries such as Mazzini and the Young Italy Movement.
    • The Law on Convents and Siccardi Law
      • Sought to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church
    • "Il Risorgimento"
      • A newspaper arguing Sardinia should be the foundation of a new unified Italy.
    • Plombieres, 1859
    • Giuseppe Garibaldi, Red Shirts
      • Liberated southern Italy and Sicily.
        • Garibaldi exemplified the romantic nationalism of Mazzini and earlier Young Italy revolutionaries.
    • "Humiliation of Olmutz"
      • 1849, Austria had blocked the attempt of Frederick William IV of Prussia to unify Germany "from above"
    • Zollverein
      • Zollverein (German customs union), 1734: biggest source of tension between Prussia and Austria.
    • Kleindeutsch Plan
    • Otto von Bismarck
      • Led the drive for a Prussian-based Hohenzollern Germany
      • Junker background; obsessed with power
    • "Gap Theory"
      • gained Bismarck's favor with the king
    • "Blood and Iron"
    • Prussian-Danish War, 1863
      • Germany and Austria defeated Denmark and took control of the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein
    • Austro-Prussian War, 1866
      • Bismarck sought a localized war
        • Made diplomatic preparations for war with Austria by negotiating with France, Italy, and Russia for noninterference
    • Reichstag
      • The parliament (Reichstag) consisted of two houses that shared power equally.
    • Bundestag
      • The lower house (bundestag) had representatives elected by universal male suffrage
    • Franco-Prussian War
    • Austro-Hungarian Empire
      • After the Austro-Prussian War the Austrian gov't had to address national aspirations of its ethnic groups:
    • Ausgleich

    Real Politik: the political manifestation of what was considered Realism
    • The Crimean War
      • 1853-1856
      • the first war covered by the media
      • the first war to involve female nurses
      • 1853: Nicholas I of Russia moves troops into what is today Romania
        • Romania was split in two provinces
        • pretends he is going to be defending the Christians in the Holy Land
        • Western Europe does not want Russian influence coming this far into trade routes with the East
        • the French convince the Turks to resist the Russian encroachment
        • The Turks go to war with the Russians
      • The Russians force the battle onto the Crimean Peninsula
      • Britain blocked off the Black Sea from the rest of the Mediterranean
        • not allowing the Russians to maneuver into Turkey
      • the czar of Russia died and his son took his place, Alexander
      • Alexander creates a treaty
        • Russia is not allowed to leave its established borders even under the pretense of security for Christians in South Eastern Europe
        • the two provinces in Romania are made independent states
          • they combine and unify as Romania
        • Alexander was not allowed to put ships on the Black Sea

    Monday, March 14, 2011

    Unit Four Review Questions

    5/20

    Romantics FRQ

    To what extent did Romanticism challenge Enlightenment views of human beings and the natural world and how did this challenge illustrate changes between the Enlightenment and Romantic views of the relationship between God and the individual?


    The rise of Romanticism began in the 19th century as a rebellion against French occupation in Germany.  The people wanted to express their contempt for the French people by creating art and music.  Many different artists, writers, and composers that came from this time period are still celebrated in today's society.  This was a time in which people found a new way to express themselves instead of making speeches and marching in protest.  People could now express themselves on an entirely new level, which reached the darkest emotions of their souls.  The rise of Romanticism completely went against the Enlightenment views of human beings and the natural world through the works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats, and many others; this shows how art, music, and literature are no longer centered around God, and how Romanticism began the transition of a completely religious society into a more secular society.


    During the Enlightenment period, many new discoveries were coming about and many new inventions were created, but everything that happened had to be approved of by the Church.  If the Church did not agree with something that was going on or a new theory that was developed, the person, or people, responsible could be  convicted, jailed, and even executed.  A perfect example of this would be Galileo, a scientist who was sentenced to house arrest for the rest of his life because the Church did not agree with his theory of heliocentrism.  The Romantic period completely went against all of these things.  People were creating art, literature, and music that could be used to speak out against oppressors.  The music of this time period was peaceful, calming, and unpredictable as opposed to the straightforward and predictable music of the Enlightenment time.  Literature expressed people's deepest emotions, and at times could be quite dark.  Art was no longer the clear-cut Neo-Classical style; it was now more vibrant and pleasing to the eye.  The Romantic period completely changed the ideas instilled during the Enlightenment period.


    Prominent literary artists during the Romantic period were Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lord Byron, John Keats, and Coleridge.  All of these people explored the deepest depths of their imaginations in order to produce beautiful poetry.  They saw the world in a whole new way, and also changed people's views of the world around them.  Prevalent artists were Delacroix and Gericault; one of Delacroix's most popular paintings was "Liberty Leading the People."  This painting showed lady liberty carrying the French Revolutionary flag through a battlefield filled with the bodies of fallen soldiers.  It is important to realize the impact that these artists along with many others had on society.


    Throughout the Romantic period, society became less and less centered around God.  Art, literature, and music were not created about God; they were created to express the feelings of the people.  The German people were being oppressed by the French; this is the reason that they were creating their art.  They wanted to express their dislike of the French occupation.  The Church was no longer such a huge power that they could control every aspect of the people's lives and how they expressed themselves.  Society became much more secular and less and less religious.


    The Romantic period was a prominent time in the history of Europe, in which the arts flourished.  The arts were used to express people's emotions and thoughts.  Arts no longer sought the approval of the Church, and no longer needed the Church's approval.  This was the time that would forever change the history of art.  The views of the Enlightenment period were no longer prevalent, and people could express themselves like never before.

    Sunday, March 13, 2011

    Final Draft of Formal Outline for Term Paper

    Thesis: Although Stalin protected Russia by fending off the Nazis, he was an extremely oppressive leader in Russia’s history in the sense that he killed three million Russian people and caused their suffering for many years, which is why Stalin was ultimately more harmful to Russia than beneficial.

    Definitions:

    ·         Stalinism: “The form of Marxism associated with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.  Stalinism emphasizes the repression of all dissent, often by brutal means; a rigid adherence to government management of economic life; and the domination of all communist movements worldwide by the Soviet Union.  In holding to these beliefs, Stalin opposed Leon Trotsky.” (American Heritage Dictionary)

    ·         Trotskyism: “The doctrines of the twentieth-century Russian political leader Leon Trotsky, who believed that communism should depend on the cooperation of the proletariats of all nations rather than on domination by the Soviet Union.  Trotsky’s ideas were opposed by Joseph Stalin, the Soviet premier, who sent Trotsky into exile, made him a nonperson, and eventually had him assassinated.” (American Heritage Dictionary)

    ·         Leninism: “The form of communism as taught by Lenin, with emphasis on the dictatorship of the proletariat.” (American Heritage Dictionary)

    ·         Communism: “An economic and social system envisioned by the nineteenth-century German scholar Karl Mars.  In theory, under communism, all means of production are owned in common, rather than by individuals.  In practice, a single authoritarian party controls both the political and economic systems.  In the twentieth century, communism was associated with the economic and political systems of China and the Soviet Union and of the satellites of the Soviet Union.” (American Heritage Dictionary)

    ·         Anarchism: “Belief in the abolition of all government and the organization of society on a voluntary, cooperative basis without recourse to force or compulsion.” (Oxford Dictionary)

    ·         Socialism: “An economic system in which the production and distribution of goods are controlled substantially by the government rather than by private enterprise, and in which cooperation rather than competition guides economic activity.  There are many varieties of socialism.  Some socialists tolerate capitalism, as long as the government maintains the dominant influence over the economy; others insist on an abolition of private enterprise.  All communists are socialists, but not all socialists are communists.” (American Heritage Dictionary)

    ·         Bolshevism: “The doctrines, methods, or procedure of the Bolsheviks; the principles or practices of ultra-radical socialists or political ultra-radicals generally.” (Oxford Dictionary)

    ·         Marxism: “The doctrines of Karl Marx and his associate Friedrich Engels on economics, politics, and society.  They include the notion of economic determinism—that political and social structures are determine by the economic conditions of people.  Marxism calls for a classless society in which all means of production are commonly owned, a system to be reached as an inevitable result of the struggle between the leaders of capitalism and the workers.” (American Heritage Dictionary)

    ·         Liberalism: “In the twentieth century, a viewpoint or ideology associated with free political institutions and religious toleration, as well as support for a strong role of government in regulation capitalism and constructing the welfare state.” (American Heritage Dictionary)

    More terms may be added to this list as I continue in my research and writing.

    Outline:

           I.            Background on Stalin’s early life
    a.       Joseph Stalin was born on December 21, 1879 in Gori, Georgia.
    b.      He entered a seminary, but was expelled for rebellion and decided to become a Marxist.
                                                                  i.      Stalin said, “The whole atmosphere round me was saturated with hatred of Tsarist oppression, and I threw myself whole-heartedly into revolutionary work” (J.T. Murphy).
        II.            Stalin’s influence in Russia from 1917-1921
    a.       Stalin’s part in the Russian Revolution
    b.      Stalin’s part in the Russian Civil War
                                                                  i.      “He dreamed of the electrification of all Russia, and began to make it come true in the midst of the famine and desolation of the years of civil war” (J. T. Murphy).
                                                                ii.      “The Civil war began in Russia.  Stalin commanded the forces in Tsaritsyn and St. Petersburg” (Abhijit Naik).
    c.       Stalin’s part in the Polish-Soviet War
     III.            Stalin’s ascension to leadership in Russia
    a.       Stalin’s position as General Secretary of the Communist Party
                                                                  i.      “On Lenin’s motion, the Plenum of the Central Committee, on April 3, 1922, elected Stalin, Lenin’s faithful disciple and associate, General Secretary of the Central Committee, a post at which he has remained ever since” (Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute).
    b.      Stalin continued to gain more and more power over time.
                                                                  i.      In a letter to Congress, Lenin stated, “Stalin, having become General Secretary, consolidated his immense power, and I’m not sure whether he will always care enough to use that power” (Lenin’s Testament).
    IV.            In 1939, Stalin entered into a pact with Hitler.

    a.       The treaty divided Eastern Europe into areas where German and Soviet influence was prevalent.
    b.      Hitler dissolved the pact in 1941.
    c.       German forces attack Russia, but Russia is able to push the troops back.
    d.      In 1945, Russian troops officially defeated the German troops.
    V.        Stalin’s major alterations of Soviet society
    a.       Increase of secret service in the Soviet Union
    b.      Stalin created a “cult of personality” around himself in order to make himself seem like a hero to the public.
                                                                  i.      “In the years since the Constitutional Congress, Stalin’s own personality began to be more widely known.  His picture and slogans became so prominent in the Soviet Union that foreigners found this “idolatry” forced and insincere” (Anna Louise Strong).
    c.       Stalin executed thousands of innocent Russian people who opposed his regime.
    d.      Stalin deported thousands of people out of Russia greatly shifting the demographics.
    e.       There were huge famines during Stalin’s rule.
    f.       All aspects of culture, such as science and art, were controlled by Stalin.
     VI.            Stalin was in power until 1953 when he died.
    a.       Stalin’s ruling tactics were extremely harmful and devastating to Russian society.
    b.      He caused there to be much struggle in the country for many years.

    Sources:

    American Heritage Dictionary. Retrieved March 7, 2011, from http://dictionary.reference.com/help/ahd4.html

    Bacon, E., & Wyman, M. (2006). Contemporary Russia. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Berton, S., & Potts, J. (2006). Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-creation of World War II through the Eyes and Minds of Hitler, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin.  United Kingdom: Da Capo Press.

    Boobbyer, P. (2000). The Stalin Era. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Carr, E. H. (1979). The Russian Revolution from Lenin to Stalin (1917-1929). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Curtis, G. E. (1998). Russia: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army.

    Fitzpatrick, S. (2008). The Russian Revolution. New Your, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.

    Foster, William Z. (1939). Lenin and Stalin as Mass Leaders. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/archive/foster/1939/12/stalin.htm

    Kuromiya, H. (2005). Stalin. Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited.

    Laqueur, W. (1990) Stalin: The Glasnost Revelations. New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

    Lenin, V. (1922, December 24). Lenin’s Testament. Retrieved from http://stalin.edusite.ru/p3aa1.html

    Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute, Initials. (1947). Stalin. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/biographies/1947/stalin/07.htm

    McCauley, M. (2008). Stalin and Stalinism. Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited.

    Medvedev, R. (1984). All Stalin’s Men. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday.

    Murphy, J. T. (1945). Stalin. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/archive/murphy-jt/1945/stalin/index.htm

    Naik, Abhijit. (n.d.). Timeline of Joseph Stalin. Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/timeline-of-joseph-stalin.html

    Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved March 7, 2011, from http://oxforddictionaries.com/?attempted=true

    Rigby, T. H. (1966). Stalin. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.


    Stalin, J. (1939, August 19). Speech in the Politburo. Retrieved from http://www.letton.ch/lvstaldisc.htm

    Strong, Anna Louise. (1941). Stalin. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/strong-anna-louise/1941/x01/stalin.htm

    Wood, A. (2005). Stalin and Stalinism. New York, NY: Routledge.