Industrial Revolution: Conservatism and Liberalism

1. Congress of Vienna met in the fall of 1814 after Napoleon first left France
• Their purpose is settling questions of territory and treaties and negotiations left in the wake of Napoleon
2. Countries and representatives will be important
• France
• Talleyrand
• England
• Castlereagh
• Austria
• Metternich
• Russia
• Czar Alexander
3. Representatives decide what will happen
• Russia refuses to discuss Turkey
• England refused to talk about international sea trade and policies overseas
4. Power struggles cause geopolitical implications
• England refuses to give up former Dutch colonies to Africa
• Russia refuses to give in to demands of Eastern European countries
5. One goal was to create a system of strong states around the borders of France
• Austrian Netherlands were transferred to the Dutch
• Great Britain is happy because they are allied with the Dutch
• Dutch Republic changes its name and becomes the Kingdom of the Netherlands
• Ruled by the house of orange
• In return, Austria got most of Northern Italy
• At this time, Metternich has secret police in Italy to keep an eye on things
• Italy is not a major power
• Influence of the Church has been greatly diminished
• Without the power that the Church used to have, becomes a much lesser power
6. No attempt to restore the Holy Roman Empire, and no one bother to pay attention to the needs or political desires of the German nationalists
• The roots of WWI are set up during the Congress of Vienna
• The alliances that are made and the shifts of geopolitical holdings will come back to haunt all involved
7. Kingdom of Poland was created from land of Austria and Prussia
• Known as Congress Poland
• These places would be unified into one, but ruled by Alexander
• Russia now rules former Prussia and Austria
8. France was getting pretty good terms at the Congress
• Talleyrand was a great diplomat
• Louis XVIII returns to France as a constitutional monarch
• Napoleon was banned from every having any rule in France
• Will return from exile and lead a campaign in France
9. Czar Alexander was very religious in his thinking
• Insisted on a document known as the Holy Alliance
• Document stated that rule over eastern Europe was divinely granted
• Austria signs on and so does Prussia
• England refuses to sign
• Castlereagh calls the Holy Alliance "Sublime mysticism and nonsense"
10. Big powers agreed to continue to meet
• The Concert of Europe- referred to by historians
• After Vienna, the Concert met in 1818 at the Congress of Aix-la-chapelle
• The Concert agreed to withdraw post-war occupation of France
• Accepted the idea of private bankers managing reparations
• Someone has to pay for the cost of the war
11. Britain starts to drift apart from the other European nations due to its role with the slave trade and the New World
• Becomes less concerned with happenings in Europe
12. In 1819, Metternich and Alexander met again
• In the state of Galatia
• Alexander and Metternich compose a new alliance called the Protocol of Tropeau
• Castlereagh and Talleyrand refuse to participate
• Prussia, Russia, and Austria send an Austrian army into Naples, Italy
• Install their own king in Naples
13. 1821: Greece had been occupied by the Ottoman Turks
• The Greeks revolting creates a dilemma for the major powers of Europe
• They don't really like the Ottoman Turks
• Causes consternation between Austria and Russia
• Greek nationalists feel very connected to Russia because of the Orthodox Church
• Metternich does not want to be surrounded by Greece and Russia

• Alexander dies in 1825
• he had become very conservative with regards to his allegiance to the Russian Orthodox Church
• he had connections to the Greek Orthodox Church
• rise of secret police forces in Austria and Russia
• many of the Russian nobility had been educated outside of Russia
• French influence and the influence of the French Revolution will play a role in the development of a post-czar mentality
• young nobles coming out of French educations tend to be more liberal
• his brother Constantine takes over
• nobles hope he will liberalize the government
• Constantine favors his brother Nicholas as leader and Nichols takes the throne
• there is an attempted revolution when he takes the throne
• Russia starts to become more and more isolated from Western Europe
• France
• Talleyrand argued in favor Louis XVIII returning from exile and taking over as constitutional monarch
• Louis XVIII is a calm voice in politics
• he is very old
• he signs The Charter
• promises a new form of national legislature that will be more democratic
• there would be people chosen throughout the ranks of what was the third estate
• major part of the Napoleonic Code and Catholicism being nominally the state religion remained
• break down in the power and authority of the Vatican
• The White Terror
• the emigres are taking revenge upon the former revolutionaries
• 1824: Louis XVIII dies
• Charles X succeeds him
• he tries to disenfranchise the middle class of France
• great opposition to Charles X
• Germany
• no one ever asks the Germans what they think of this
• German nationalism is coming out of the middle class
• resentment that grows in German society for the Austrians, French, and Germans
• secret police and surveillance starts happening
• events of the 19th century set us up for WWII
• England
• dealing with its growing empire
• dealing with its holdings in the Americas, Asia, India, Africa
• Corn Laws
• food prices are more expensive for British citizens
• rich are going to become very rich and the poor are going to become very poor
• there were no labor laws
• Manchester: people began to protest
• the crowd was peaceful
• they were petitioning for the right to vote
• local forces do not understand what is happening and they fire on the crowd
• the British government thanked the soldiers for killing the people
• called the Peterloo Massacre
• Parliament had nothing to do with a representation of the English people
• represented those who had power and money
• tool of the industrialists
• Austria
• influences Germany
• Metternich rules out of Vienna for the next 30 years, influences non-Austrians
• completely ignore the locals and the Germans
• 1830: elections held in England
• Weakened the conservative control in the House of Commons
• There is not a conservative majority in the House of Commons
• The House of Lourdes is worried about this
• They are used to being aristocrats
• Go to the King and want him to increase the size of the nobility
• Reform Bill of 1842
• Doubled the number of eligible voters in England
• 1845: the Irish Potato Famine
• Devastated the peasantry
• Staple crop was potatoes
• Robert Peel pushed for reform because he saw that if they did not reform, the potato famine was going to result in a revolution; like the one in France
• Managed to pass the reforms; Corn Laws repealed
• Lost his seat as Prime Minister
• 1848-1851: many Irish leave Ireland and emigrate to the US
• The Chartist Movement
• Tried to feed off of the reform anxiety
• Wanted to get rid of the Corn Laws
• Wanted a national charter
• Resulting in universal human suffrage in England
• The right of everyone to vote
• Conservatives want the status quo to be maintained
• Did not want people who were poor to be able to vote
• The liberals wanted to extended voting because they wanted reform of the government
• France
• Charles X dissolved his government and called for new elections
• He is conservative
• He dissolves the newly elected government before it even comes in
• Mobs formed
• Soldiers refused to defend Charles; he was forced to abdicate the throne
• Flees France and is exiled to England
• Louis Philip becomes the new constitutional monarch, Duke of Orleans
• Reigns fairly peacefully for 18 years
• The July Monarchy
• Became known as the Orleanist
• Tried to deal with the cares of the people
• Brings out the tricolor flag as the official flag of France
• Was an aristocrat; conservative
• There was a rising middle class; bourgeoisie
• Happy; not going to revolt
• Liberals and reformers were not happy about this because the government was catering to the middle class in order to look more liberal
• 1848
• Many revolutions occur

Term Paper: Preliminary Thesis

The Rise of Stalin

Joseph Stalin was an oppressive dictator who killed millions of people who questioned him, but he was a strong and forceful leader in Russia's history; he was an advantageous leader because Russia would have collapsed under the weight of Nazi Germany, but he was disadvantageous to Russia in the sense that he was responsible for the suffering of thousands of Russian people.

Possible Term Paper Topic

• Other Holocaust victims such as Gypsies and Homosexuals

OR

• Why Jews initially refused to flee Germany

Industrial Revolution

• 1760-1850
• ancestors of the Industrial Revolution were the scientific thinkers of the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution
• new technologies result in new forms of production
• increased production, efficiency, commerce
• exponential growth in technologies
• many of the conditions were interrelated
• ability to distribute supply in an efficient manner
• agricultural occupied a a major position
• it was rooted in the sustainability of the population
• source of raw material for the textile industry
• manufacture of cloth increased
• produced economic competition for capitalism
• sturdier farm implements; made of metal
• as the supply rose, so does the population
• great move of workers from rural areas to cities
• not as many workers needed on farms
• people needed to invent and make new technologies
• textiles
• used to occur in homes: cottage industry
• tedious process
• a spinning jenny was created to make thread
• one person can do what i used to take dozens to do
• in 20 years nearly 20,000 spinning jennys were being used in England
• this completely changes the capacity of the country to produce materials
• there are no rules governing workers' rights
• there is no limit on how long you can work in a day
• children can be made to work full shifts in factories
• enormous rise in children in factories
• exploitation
• safety conditions go down
• no healthcare system
• coal mining
• the working conditions for miners were nearly suicidal
• extremely dangerous
• mining capacity increases, more homes and factories are using coal
• it's expanding on itself
• iron industry
• pig iron- smelted with coke
• transportation
• railroads- carry materials from one place to another
• more capacity to move things
• things can move faster
• canal systems
• can send things up and down river
• changed everything with distribution of goods
• many people worked with railroads in the beginning
• George Stevenson
• first public rail cars designed to move passengers around
• too expensive to maintain
• people liked the idea
• trade and distribution between cities
• world cities beginning to develop
• steam engine
• main reasons population grew in Europe in the 18th century
• decline in death rate
• increase in birth rate
• elimination of plague diseases
• food production
• factory jobs paid better wages than that of a farm
• offers more social mobility
• allowed people to marry younger, children born earlier
• old system of apprenticeship is gone
• machines do the job for you
• middle class size increases
• towns are created because of factories
• capital and labor
• capital: the amount of money you have to invest into something

What I Have Learned About the French Revolution

I have learned so much about the French Revolution and Napoleon.  I really did not know anything about the French Revolution until now.  I learned that the French Revolution was much more violent and devastating to the French people than i had thought.  I also learned that Louis XVI was a very weak monarch and provoked the Revolution.  I learned a lot about Robespierre, whom i had never heard of before.  I also learned a lot about Napoleon that I did not know before.  I now know how rundown France's economy was in the midst of the French Revolution.  I also never knew about the time period after Louis XVI's reign, called the Terror.  I learned that the time period after Louis XVI's reign was very difficult because of the groups fighting to be the leader of France.

Napoleon and the Napoleonic Wars Notes

• Napoleon is the first console
• the console was set up to assure democracy in France, but Napoleon became a dictator
• a new constitution was approved
• French people chose a new senate
• this senate actually had very little power; allowing Napoleon to consolidate his own power
• offered peace to the French people in exchange for him becoming the leader
• the English and the Dutch were not happy with the French
• Napoleon is looking like a good guy
• he brings law and order home
• he helps the French establish a strong government system
• the emigrates, who were against the revolution, were offered amnesty by Napoleon
• Napoleon is rebuilding France
• he wants the people to realize who the leader in charge is
• Napoleon starts a secret police to suppress the media
• he shuts down newspapers
• Catholicism is allowed as the major religion of France
• Papal boll- official document directly from the Pope
• organic articles to the concordat
• said that any church decisions were subject to government approval
• Unions and guilds were not allowed to organize
• he kept the school system, the metric system
• the most important thing he does is the Napoleonic Code
• an overhaul of the French legal system
• criminal code and civil code
• citizens were declared equal, freedom of religion, labor unions outlawed
• women lost the legal gains from the Revolution
• men gained all control of property
• women had no rights to her earnings
• status was defined by wealth
• people could move up
• 1802: Napoleon is named console for life
• the power to choose his own successor and amend the constitution
• 1804: has himself coronated as emperor of France
• decides to purchase Louisiana 
• Napoleon decides to begin a naval war with England
• 1805: English and French fight at Trafalgar
• Napoleon gains control of old principalities from the Holy Roman Emperor
• creates the Confederation of the Rhine
• signs a peace treaty called the Treaty of Tilsit
• 1807: he can't beat England because his navy has been destroyed
• he takes a different approach and establishes the continental system
• if you are an ally of France you are forced to boycott English goods
• Napoleon convinces the Spanish monarch to leave the throne
• he puts his own brother, Joseph on the throne
• supports the new king with a large French occupying force
• Peninsular War (Spain is located in the Iberian Peninsula)
• Napoleon divorces Josephine, and marries the daughter of Austrian emperor Francis II
• marry in 1810, she is 19 and he is 40
• she produces a male heir in 1911
• Napoleon has holdings in Germany, Poland, Spain, British, his ships are cutting off British trade
• outside of France he is rather resented
• 1809: a wave of nationalism comes over Germany and Alexander the czar of Russia backs out of the continental system
• Russia allies with Britain
• napoleon sends an invasion army to attack Russia
• 700,000 troops
• Russia is huge and they use the scorched earth policy
• they burned down their town and the fields
• the French supply lines are so long people can attack from behind
• there is no place to get food for the troops
• 1812: battle during the winter in Moscow
• Napoleon wins the battle, but then a blizzard hits
• many people in the army die
• The Russians think they have the upperhand and sign a deal with the Prussians
• Prussian army is supported by the British
• Russia, Prussia, Austria, and England sign the quadruple alliance
• Napoleon leaves the throne and attempts suicide
• the people of France exile him to Elba
• they bring in Louis XVIII and he is the brother of Louis XVI
• he is installed as a constitutional monarch
• the leaders meet with the French minister Talleyrand
• Napoleon escapes from Elba and raises a new army of his own
• 100 Days Battle through Europe
• meeting the British at Waterloo
• Napoleon is captured and sent to Saint Helena where he dies in 1821
• demonstrates the dangers of revolution

French and Egyptian Revolution

1. Compare / Contrast Louis XVI and Mubarak.
1. The reigns of Louis XVI and Hosni Mubarak experienced many similarities as well as several differences.  Louis XVI was an absolute monarch, and Mubarak was a dictator, which makes them very similar because they both were in complete control of the things that went one in their own country.  Both Louis and Mubarak lived isolated from their people.  Louis lived in his palace in Versailles and rarely visited Paris.  Mubarak lived in his presidential palace and was very out of touch with the people beyond those walls.  In both reigns nobles and businessmen/clergy were given special privileges and did did not have to pay taxes.  Throughout both reigns the common worked very hard, but were given no reward; also, the prices of common goods were escalating, unemployment was increasing, and the rich were becoming richer while the poor became poorer. The common people in both societies could easily be outvoted by the nobles.  Both rulers spent far too much on their on wants, and refused to reform the financial situations in their countries.  The people of both societies were encouraged by writers and thinkers as well as the success of other countries to overthrow the government.
1. http://www.consortiumnews.com/2011/020711a.html
2. http://www.articlesbase.com/politics-articles/article-355-the-common-causes-between-the-egyptian-and-the-french-revolution-4176719.html
2. In each case, WHY were the people protesting? (Cite primary sources).
1. In the French Revolution the main reason for the people protesting was the inequality of taxes.  "The abuses attending the levy of taxes were heavy and universal" (Arthur Young).  The poor peasants were forced to pay heavy taxes, while the nobles and clergy were exempt.  Even Marie Antoinette, the wife of Louis XVI, admitted that the people were overwhelmed with taxes.  "Taxes with which they are overwhelmed" (Marie Antoinette).  The burden of the government was resting on the poor who were forced to pay more for taxes than they could afford, which was causing the economy to fall apart.  Another reason for the protesting was the decrease in the availability of land for farming, causing a fear of grain shortage.  Bread is the staple food of the peasantry, so they were either going to starve or revolt.
1. http://www.thenagain.info/Classes/Sources/Young.html
2. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1773marieantonette.html
2. In the Egyptian Revolution, the people were protesting Mubarak because they have been wanting him to step down as president, but they were not sure how to accomplish this.  The people were inspired by the overthrow of the government in Tunisia through protests.  What happened in Tunisia showed the Egyptian people that they could too overthrow their government and begin a revolution.  There was extreme unemployment in Egypt, and many people were living in poor conditions because Mubarak failed to pay attention to the people.  "The organizers framed the protest as a stand against torture, poverty, corruption, and unemployment" (Kareem Fahim).
1. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/26/world/middleeast/26egypt.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1
3. What role did women play?
1. In the French Revolution, women played an important role.  "I am inclined to think that they [women] work harder than the men" (Arther Young).  Women were "seamstresses and laundresses, but also skilled artisans, merchants, or domestics" (Gwynne Lewis).  Hundreds of thousands of women marched to Versailles in protest during October of 1790.  The women who marched on Versailles were the main reason that the royal family was moved from there to Paris.  Women, many times, were the leaders of protests.  They had been excluded of basically every right that men had, and they were fighting for their rights as well as the equal rights of all.
1. http://history.hanover.edu/texts/young.html
2. http://web.archive.org/web/20021215172126/http://www.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/History/teaching/french-rev/people.html
2. In the Egyptian Revolution, women also played an important role.  "And many of them are spending the night in Tahrir Square.  Others have been taking part in democracy rallies across Egypt" (Mona Eltahawy).  Many young women used social media to bring about change in their country.  Women were not afraid of the thugs and security forces, who could have assaulted them.  Women took part in the protesting in Tahrir Square as well as using social media and other tools to voice their opinions.  The women were fighting for the rights of the country and its citizens.
1. http://www.npr.org/2011/02/04/133497422/Women-Play-Vital-Role-In-Egypts-Uprising
4. What concerns are there about the current situation in Egypt? How might they relate to the days following the fall of Louis XVI?
1. The concern about the current situation in Egypt is that the transition to the new government will not be peaceful.  There is also concern that the revolution in Egypt will cause unrest in other countries.  It is very important that Egypt begins their transition quickly.  These concerns may relate to the days following the fall of Louis XVI because after Louis XVI was executed the French people were in need of a new leader to rule.  The time after Louis XVI's reign was a time of great turmoil for France because there were so many clubs and different groups of people fighting for the throne.  Thousands of people were executed during this time period known as the Terror.  The Egyptian people do not want things to happen the way they during the Terror; they want the transition to be peaceful.
1. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/01/world/europe/01iht-union01.html
5. How did/are people express(ing) their views?
1. The Egyptian people were expressing their views through peaceful protest.  The Egyptian people were sure to avoid any confrontation with security forces and police by chanting peaceful sayings.  "Without any identifiable leadership, or specific organizers, the Egyptian people in the hundreds of thousands have proved to themselves and to whoever was watching that they can maintain order as they become more resolute about their demands" (Marwa Maziad).  The Egyptian people were successful in their demands, and they are now celebrating their victory over Hosni Mubarak as president of Egypt.
1. http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/opinion/2011/02/20112714401412146.html
6. Are the current protests violent?
1. The protests in Egypt were fairly nonviolent compared to those in other countries.  There were times when tear gas and weapons were used to subdue the people, but for the most part the protests were fairly peaceful.  Currently, there really are not any protests going on; the Egyptian people are celebrating Hosni Mubarak's resignation.
1. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/20111251711053608.html
7. What do people on the ground in Cairo think is going to happen now? (Directly contact reporters and bloggers in Egypt via Twitter during this class period).
1. Everyone in Egypt is still celebrating their victory over Hosni Mubarak; the people are no longer protesting.  The Egyptian people are just hoping for the best outcome in this situation.  They expect that everything will go well, and that the transition of power will be peaceful.  The protests have been fairly peaceful so far, and that is all the people can hope will continue to happen.  The people are hoping that through a democracy their lives will improve, and they will gain the rights that they deserve.
1. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/201112523026521335.html
8. Based on your study of the French Revolution and your current observations of the situation in Egypt, what do you think are possible outcomes? How are the possible outcomes in Egypt alike or different with outcomes in France -- both in the short and long term.
1.  The Egyptian Revolution could either have a really great outcome or a difficult outcome.  The best possible outcome would be a peaceful transition to democracy, and the people would receive all of their rights.  The worst possible outcome would be if Egypt followed the path of the French Revolution, which was not a very peaceful time.  Many groups of people were fighting and executing each other in order to become the rulers of France.  If Egypt follows the path of the French Revolution they will have a violent transition to democracy, but in the long term they will end up in a good place.  The best thing would be a nonviolent change in government that leads to Egyptians being the best citizens they can be.