Industrial Revolution: Conservatism and Liberalism
- Congress of Vienna met in the fall of 1814 after Napoleon first left France
- Their purpose is settling questions of territory and treaties and negotiations left in the wake of Napoleon
- Countries and representatives will be important
- Representatives decide what will happen
- Russia refuses to discuss Turkey
- England refused to talk about international sea trade and policies overseas
- Power struggles cause geopolitical implications
- England refuses to give up former Dutch colonies to Africa
- Russia refuses to give in to demands of Eastern European countries
- One goal was to create a system of strong states around the borders of France
- Austrian Netherlands were transferred to the Dutch
- Great Britain is happy because they are allied with the Dutch
- Dutch Republic changes its name and becomes the Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Ruled by the house of orange
- In return, Austria got most of Northern Italy
- At this time, Metternich has secret police in Italy to keep an eye on things
- Italy is not a major power
- Influence of the Church has been greatly diminished
- Without the power that the Church used to have, becomes a much lesser power
- No attempt to restore the Holy Roman Empire, and no one bother to pay attention to the needs or political desires of the German nationalists
- The roots of WWI are set up during the Congress of Vienna
- The alliances that are made and the shifts of geopolitical holdings will come back to haunt all involved
- Kingdom of Poland was created from land of Austria and Prussia
- Known as Congress Poland
- These places would be unified into one, but ruled by Alexander
- Russia now rules former Prussia and Austria
- France was getting pretty good terms at the Congress
- Talleyrand was a great diplomat
- Louis XVIII returns to France as a constitutional monarch
- Napoleon was banned from every having any rule in France
- Will return from exile and lead a campaign in France
- Czar Alexander was very religious in his thinking
- Insisted on a document known as the Holy Alliance
- Document stated that rule over eastern Europe was divinely granted
- Austria signs on and so does Prussia
- England refuses to sign
- Castlereagh calls the Holy Alliance "Sublime mysticism and nonsense"
- Big powers agreed to continue to meet
- The Concert of Europe- referred to by historians
- After Vienna, the Concert met in 1818 at the Congress of Aix-la-chapelle
- The Concert agreed to withdraw post-war occupation of France
- Accepted the idea of private bankers managing reparations
- Someone has to pay for the cost of the war
- Britain starts to drift apart from the other European nations due to its role with the slave trade and the New World
- Becomes less concerned with happenings in Europe
- In 1819, Metternich and Alexander met again
- In the state of Galatia
- Alexander and Metternich compose a new alliance called the Protocol of Tropeau
- Castlereagh and Talleyrand refuse to participate
- Prussia, Russia, and Austria send an Austrian army into Naples, Italy
- Install their own king in Naples
- 1821: Greece had been occupied by the Ottoman Turks
- The Greeks revolting creates a dilemma for the major powers of Europe
- They don't really like the Ottoman Turks
- Causes consternation between Austria and Russia
- Greek nationalists feel very connected to Russia because of the Orthodox Church
- Metternich does not want to be surrounded by Greece and Russia
- Alexander dies in 1825
- he had become very conservative with regards to his allegiance to the Russian Orthodox Church
- he had connections to the Greek Orthodox Church
- rise of secret police forces in Austria and Russia
- many of the Russian nobility had been educated outside of Russia
- French influence and the influence of the French Revolution will play a role in the development of a post-czar mentality
- young nobles coming out of French educations tend to be more liberal
- his brother Constantine takes over
- nobles hope he will liberalize the government
- Constantine favors his brother Nicholas as leader and Nichols takes the throne
- there is an attempted revolution when he takes the throne
- Russia starts to become more and more isolated from Western Europe
- France
- Talleyrand argued in favor Louis XVIII returning from exile and taking over as constitutional monarch
- Louis XVIII is a calm voice in politics
- he is very old
- he signs The Charter
- promises a new form of national legislature that will be more democratic
- there would be people chosen throughout the ranks of what was the third estate
- major part of the Napoleonic Code and Catholicism being nominally the state religion remained
- break down in the power and authority of the Vatican
- The White Terror
- the emigres are taking revenge upon the former revolutionaries
- 1824: Louis XVIII dies
- Charles X succeeds him
- he tries to disenfranchise the middle class of France
- great opposition to Charles X
- Germany
- no one ever asks the Germans what they think of this
- German nationalism is coming out of the middle class
- resentment that grows in German society for the Austrians, French, and Germans
- secret police and surveillance starts happening
- events of the 19th century set us up for WWII
- England
- dealing with its growing empire
- dealing with its holdings in the Americas, Asia, India, Africa
- Corn Laws
- food prices are more expensive for British citizens
- rich are going to become very rich and the poor are going to become very poor
- there were no labor laws
- Manchester: people began to protest
- the crowd was peaceful
- they were petitioning for the right to vote
- local forces do not understand what is happening and they fire on the crowd
- the British government thanked the soldiers for killing the people
- called the Peterloo Massacre
- Parliament had nothing to do with a representation of the English people
- represented those who had power and money
- tool of the industrialists
- Austria
- influences Germany
- Metternich rules out of Vienna for the next 30 years, influences non-Austrians
- completely ignore the locals and the Germans
- 1830: elections held in England
- Weakened the conservative control in the House of Commons
- There is not a conservative majority in the House of Commons
- The House of Lourdes is worried about this
- They are used to being aristocrats
- Go to the King and want him to increase the size of the nobility
- Reform Bill of 1842
- Doubled the number of eligible voters in England
- 1845: the Irish Potato Famine
- Devastated the peasantry
- Robert Peel pushed for reform because he saw that if they did not reform, the potato famine was going to result in a revolution; like the one in France
- Managed to pass the reforms; Corn Laws repealed
- Lost his seat as Prime Minister
- 1848-1851: many Irish leave Ireland and emigrate to the US
- The Chartist Movement
- Tried to feed off of the reform anxiety
- Wanted to get rid of the Corn Laws
- Wanted a national charter
- Resulting in universal human suffrage in England
- The right of everyone to vote
- Conservatives want the status quo to be maintained
- Did not want people who were poor to be able to vote
- The liberals wanted to extended voting because they wanted reform of the government
- France
- Charles X dissolved his government and called for new elections
- He is conservative
- He dissolves the newly elected government before it even comes in
- Mobs formed
- Soldiers refused to defend Charles; he was forced to abdicate the throne
- Flees France and is exiled to England
- Louis Philip becomes the new constitutional monarch, Duke of Orleans
- Reigns fairly peacefully for 18 years
- The July Monarchy
- Became known as the Orleanist
- Tried to deal with the cares of the people
- Brings out the tricolor flag as the official flag of France
- Was an aristocrat; conservative
- There was a rising middle class; bourgeoisie
- Happy; not going to revolt
- Liberals and reformers were not happy about this because the government was catering to the middle class in order to look more liberal
- 1848
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