Nationalism

• Greece
• was occupied by the Turks
• the rise for Greek independence was a nationalist movement
• supported by British intellectuals
• relations between Turkey and the west had never been good
• in 1827, England, France, and Russia signed the Treaty of London
• they're going to take the side of Greek independence
• if needed, they would send their military against Turkey
• Russia had ties to Greece via the Church
• Holy Roman Empire states to the North and East of Austria were very weak
• Russia's mission is to help free Greece, they move down to occupy the old principalities
• Russia wasn't supposed to expand, Greece was supposed to become independent
• Greece becomes independent in 1832
• Russia remains an absolute monarchy under the czars
• Belgium becomes its own country
• they take Louis Philip as their king
• gives the throne to his brother
• Germany had been completely fractured
• it was essentially not a nation, but collections of principalities
• with the turn of the century in the 1800s the German people feel like they have been left out of the equation
• Herder and Fichte have an idea of the volkgeist
• the spirit of the common people
• they don't want outside interference in Germany; they don't want Germany to become cosmopolitan
• the results of this were the Brothers Grimm who went around to collect folklore for a German tradition
• Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
• interested in the ways in which history happens
• the Hegelian system; the dialectic
• history does not merely progress from one thing to another; everything that happens is influenced by other things
• thesis, antithesis meet with synthesis; the new thing created is a new thesis
• this will be the structural model that Karl Marx uses in describing history in the industrial age
• Marx will prove to be extremely influential as a counter to capitalism
• strong middle class = strong country; weak middle class = weak country
• Von Ranke and List both argued that Germany had not fully developed into a nation state and that is needed to
• wages lowered so that production would be increased.
• believed Germany needed to catch up to the other countries
• 1848: France revolted from Louis Philip
• the rise of newspapers has changed
• news travels much faster
• Germany is greatly threatened by riots in the streets of Berlin inspired by the protests in France
• King Wilhelm agrees for a new German constitution
• The Frankfurt Assembly gathers to debate about unifying Germany
• two large Germanic states have enormous power: Prussia and Austria
• Prussia was controlled as a proxy of Russia
• Austria was independent from the rest of Germany
• oligarchy lead by the Hapsburg family
• political groups were completely against German unification
• the Junkers; Prussian nationalists
• Prussia is part of Germany, but Germany does not exist at this time
• the Berlin Assembly is held by the Prussians
• in result of the Frankfurt Assembly
• this assembly actually turns out to be anti-Junker
• anti-the east Prussians
• The Assemblies offer Wilhelm a constitutional monarchy
• Germany ends up in a holding pattern in which the politics of the country is confused because there are different regions
• the industrialization of the country is booming
• Italy
• Northern Italy wound up being controlled by Austria
• secret police and spies were found in the principalities
• Naples was in France's possession
• nationalist movements wanted to expel Austria and France
• the Carbonari
• Joseph Manzini, the leader
• argued for Italian unification and independence
• founds Young Italy; a revolutionary voice
• only lasts for a few months
• the Pope gathers French forces
• he doesn't care about Italy at all
• Austria
• directly influenced by what happened in France
• there are anti-Hapsburg Austrians
• Louis Kossuth gives speeches in Vienna against the Hapsburgs
• one of his speeches is printed in the newspaper and spreads quickly
• Metternich flees Austria in fear
• the eastern part of Austria separates and becomes Hungary in 1848
• Austria is referred to as Austrial Hungary
• the Hungarian Diet declares independence from Russia
• Austria sees that in Bohemia there could be a similar thing happen like what happened in Hungary
• Austrians are ethnic Germans
• Prague holds another assembly
• All-Slav Conference
• animosity between the Slavs and the Germans
• 1848: Slavs revolt
• after the conference in Prague
• King Ferdinand of Austria sends troops to shut down the conference
• the situation in Bohemia will be the root cause of WWI
• Hungary
• there is a group called the Magyars they create a new capital, Budapest
• attempt the Magyarization of Hungary
• Croatians revolted under Jellachich
• the Magyars think that if they can keep the Croats at bay there is no way that the king of Austria will come try to kill them