Exam Review

1. Galileo Galilei
• Disagreed with the views of the Catholic Church on heliocentrism vs geocentrism
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei
2. Johannes Kepler
• Improved the telescope that Galileo improved
• His teacher was Tyco Brahe
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler
3. Tyco Brahe
• A Danish astronomer
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyco_Brahe
4. Copernicus
• Had ideas against Aristotle believed the sun was the center of the universe
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyco_Brahe
5. Three things that separated France and Russia
• Holy Roman Empire, Poland, Ottoman Empire
• Austria and Prussia rose up as the leading German states
6. One problem with Poland's structure of government
• Lack of centralized authority figure
• Elected kings not usually from Poland
7. Leader of the Ottoman Empire
• Suleiman the Magnificent
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent
8. Habsburgs
• Seat in Spain
• Control Austria
• They are Catholic
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg
9. Charles VI*
• Reigned in the first half of the eighteenth century
• Pragmatic sanction- the territories of the Habsburg Empire are inseparable
• Empire would be passed on to his daughter, Maria Theresa
• She would get this inheritance because of the pragmatic sanction
• In exchange he made deals with the other countries that there would be peace
• Charles dies and almost immediately the sanction is brought into a difficult situation
10. Prussia
• Part of the Holy Roman Empire
• The rise of Prussia
• Absolutism in Prussia
• Hohenzollern Family
• The strongest family in Prussia
• Brandenburg
• The Junkers
• Estates
11. Russia and Austria
• In Russia, there is debate as to whether Russia is western or eastern Europe
• Russia sees itself that after the Turks took over Constantinople, they were Eastern Orthodox
• In Russia, rulers are called the czars: Ivan the Terrible
• Russian rulers
• Ivan the Terrible- 16th century reign
• Sense of apartness from Europe
• Renaissance goes to Russia
• Time of Troubles occurs after Ivan dies
• Michael Romanov
• Elected the czar of Russia
• Peter the Great
• The greatest ruler
• Ruled from 1789-1825
• Fully recognized that Russia had fallen behind compared to Europe
• Brought Russia up to speed
• Built the city of St. Petersburg
12. French, Spanish, Portuguese Exploration
• Prince Henry the Navigator- Portugal- Madieras and Azores
• Bartholomew Diaz- Portugal- reached the Cape of Good Hope (tip of Africa)
• Vasco de Gama- Portugal- went around the tip of Africa
• Pedro Cabral- Portugal- found Brazil
• Treaty of Tordesillas- split South America in two with Portuguese getting Brazil
• Christopher Columbus- Spain- discovered America
• Vasco de Balboa- Spain- sailed through the Isthmus of Panama
• Hernando Cortez- Spain- fought the Aztecs in Mexico
• Francisco Pizarro- Spain- fought the Incans in Peru
• Magellan- Spain- first person to circumnavigate the globe
• Ponce de Leon- Spain- found Florida
13. Francis Drake and John Hawkins
• Seadogs
14. English coming to the New World
• Landed in Jamestown in 1607